This chapter presents a guided tour of the &kstars; skymap, introducing many of its important features. Here is a screenshot of the &kstars; main window: Main Window The above screenshot shows a typical view of the &kstars; program. You can see the sky display centered on Betelgeuse, the brightest star in the constellation Orion. Stars are displayed with realistic colors and relative brightnesses. In three corners of the sky display, there are on-screen text labels displaying data on the current time (LT: 3:08:30 AM EEST Wednesday, July 6, 2016), the current Geographic Location (Bucharest, Romania), and the current object in the center of the display (Focused on: Betelgeuse (alpha Orionis)). Above the sky display, there are two toolbars. The main toolbar contains shortcuts for menu functions, as well as a time-step widget which controls how fast the simulation clock runs. The view toolbar contains buttons that toggle the display of different kinds of objects in the sky. At the bottom of the window, there is a status bar which displays the name of any object you click on, and the sky coordinates (both Right Ascension/Declination and Azimuth/Altitude) of the mouse cursor. Setup Wizard The first time you run &kstars;, you will be presented with a Setup Wizard, which allows you to easily set your geographic location and download some extra data files. You can press the OK button at any time to exit the Setup Wizard. The second page of the Setup Wizard allows you to choose the starting geographic location, by selecting from the list of the 3400+ known locations on the right side of the window. The list of locations can be filtered to match the text you enter in the City filter:, Province filter:, and Country filter: edit boxes. If your desired location is not present in the list, you can select a nearby city instead for now. Later on, you can add your precise location manually using the Set Geographic Location tool. Once you have selected a starting location, press the Next button. The last page of the Setup Wizard allows you to download extra data that are not included with the standard distribution of &kstars;. Simply press the Download Extra Data... button to open the Get New Stuff tool. When you are all done, press the OK button in the Setup Wizard to start exploring &kstars;. Navigation Controls Basics Now that we have the time and location set, let us have a look around. You can pan the display using the arrow keys. If you hold down the &Shift; key before panning, the scrolling speed is increased. The display can also be panned by clicking and dragging with the mouse. Note that while the display is scrolling, not all objects are displayed. This is done to cut down on the CPU load of recomputing object positions, which makes the scrolling smoother (you can configure what gets hidden while scrolling in the Configure - &kstars; window). There are several ways to change the magnification (or Zoom level) of the display: Use the + and - keys. Press the Zoom In/Zoom Out buttons in the toolbar. Select the View Zoom In / Zoom Out menu item. Select the View Zoom to Angular Size... menu item. This allows you to specify the field-of-view angle for the display, in degrees. Use the scroll wheel on your mouse. Drag the mouse up and down with the &MMB; pressed. Hold down &Ctrl; while dragging the mouse. This will allow you to define a rectangle in the map. When you release the mouse button, the display will zoom to match the rectangle. Notice that as you zoom in, you can see fainter stars than at lower zoom settings. Zoom out until you can see a green curve; this represents your local horizon. If you have not adjusted the default &kstars; configuration, the display will be solid green below the horizon, representing the solid ground of the Earth. There is also a white curve, which represents the celestial equator, and a brown curve, which represents the Ecliptic, the path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky over the course of a year. The Sun is always found somewhere along the Ecliptic, and the planets are never far from it. You can configure &kstars; to draw or not the celestial equator and Ecliptic curves on the Sky Map using the Settings Configure &kstars;... menu item. Select the Guides page and check/uncheck the Celestial equator and Ecliptic check boxes. You can also configure which colors &kstars; uses for drawing these curves, using the Colors page. Here is a screenshot of the &kstars; main window, focusing on horizon, celestial equator and Ecliptic curves: &kstars; Window Objects in the Sky Overview &kstars; displays thousands of celestial objects: stars, planets, comets, asteroids, clusters, nebulae and galaxies. You can interact with displayed objects to perform actions on them or obtain more information about them. Clicking on an object will identify it in the status bar, and simply hovering the mouse cursor on an object will label it temporarily in the map. Double-clicking will recenter the display on the object and begin tracking it (so that it will remain centered as time passes). Right clicking an object opens the object's popup menu, which provides more options. Popup MenuExample Here is an example of the right click popup menu, for the Uranus: Popup Menu for Uranus Popup Menu for Uranus The appearance of the popup menu depends somewhat on the kind of object you right-click on, but the basic structure is listed below. You can get more detailed information about the popup menu. The top section contains some lines of information which are not selectable: the object's names ("Uranus"), object type ("Solar system object"), and the constellation which contains the object ("Pisces"). The next three lines show the object's rise, set, and transit times. If the rise and set times say "circumpolar", it means that the object is always above the horizon for the present location. The middle section contains actions which can be performed on the selected object, such as Center & Track, Details, and Attach Label. See the popup menu description for a full list and description of each action. Objects in the Sky Internet Links Popup Menu The bottom section contains links to images and/or informative webpages about the selected object. If you know of an additional &URL; with information or an image of the object, you can add a custom link to the object's popup menu. Use the Details item in the popup menu to open the Object Details dialog. On the Links tab use the Add Link... button. Find Object Tool Objects in the Sky Finding by Name You can search for named objects using the Find Object tool, which can be opened by clicking on the search icon in the toolbar, by selecting Pointing Find Object... menu item, or by pressing &Ctrl;F. The Find Object window is shown below: Find Object Window with search online feature Find Object Window with search online feature The window contains a list of (almost, see ) all the named objects that &kstars; is aware of. Many of the objects only have a numeric catalog name (for example, NGC 3077), but some objects have a common name as well (for example, Whirlpool Galaxy). You can filter the list by name and by object type. To filter by name, enter a string in the edit box at the top of the window; the list will then only contain names which start with that string. To filter by type, select a type from the combo box at the bottom of the window. &kstars; provides another method for resolving the objects that are missing from any of its predefined catalogues, by using an internet connection. Thus, if you want to find an object that &kstars; is not aware of, you can easily do this by querying several professional astronomical databases as: SIMBAD, NED or VizieR. This can be done by entering the object's name and then press the or search the internet for ObjectName button. After your object is found, you can use it exactly as any object that is already loaded into &kstars; (&ie; adding it to the Observing WishList). If the object was not found in the online databases, then a warning dialogue will pop-up. Once you resolve an object by using this method, it is stored in &kstars; database, so if you close &kstars; and open it again, your object will still be there. You can choose to enable or disable this feature by checking or unchecking the Resolve names not known to &kstars; using online services check box from Catalogs page, inside of Configure - &kstars; dialog (select the Settings Configure &kstars;... menu item). If this checkbox is checked, when an object name unknown to &kstars; is entered in the Find Dialog, &kstars; will contact online services to learn about the desired object and then add it directly to &kstars; database. The objects acquired in this manner are stored in a fake catalog, called _Internet_Resolved. Thus, you can enable or disable the display of these objects by checking or unchecking the _Internet_Resolved catalog from the catalogues list. Note that you can not delete this fake catalogue, as you can do with a custom catalogue. If this checkbox is unchecked, then the Find Object window will be exactly the same, excepting a minor change: the online searching button will no longer be visible. Find Object Window Find Object Window To center the display on an object, highlight the desired object in the list, and press Ok. Note that if the object is below the horizon, the program will warn you that you may not see anything except the ground (you can make the ground invisible in the Guides settings page, or by pressing the Ground button in the View toolbar). Objects in the Sky Tracking &kstars; will automatically begin tracking on an object whenever one is centered in the display, either by using the Find Object window, by double-clicking on it, or by selecting Center & Track from its right-click popup menu. You can disengage tracking by panning the display, pressing the Stop Tracking icon in the Main toolbar, or selecting Pointing Stop Tracking menu item. Orbit Trails Attached to centered object When tracking on a Solar System body, &kstars; will automatically attach an orbit trail, showing the path of the body across the sky. You will likely need to change the clock's timestep to a large value (such as 1 day) to see the trail. Objects in the Sky Keyboard Actions When you click on an object in the map, it becomes the selected object, and its name is identified in the statusbar. There are a number of quick key commands available which act on the selected object: C Center and Track on the selected object. D Show the Details window for the selected object. L Toggle a visible name label on the selected object. O Add the selected object to the Observing wish-list. T Toggle a visible curve on the sky, showing the path of the object across the sky (only applicable to Solar System bodies). By holding down the &Shift; key, you can perform these actions on the centered object, rather than the selected object. This concludes the tour of the &kstars; skymap, although we have only scratched the surface of the available features. &kstars; includes many useful astronomy tools, it can directly control your telescope, and it offers a wide variety of configuration and customization options. In addition, this Handbook includes the AstroInfo Project, a series of short, interlinked articles explaining some of the celestial and astrophysical concepts behind &kstars;.