en to sk translation catalogue (206 entries)

note: Anutan sky culture name
en: Anutan
sk: Anutanská

note: Anutan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or undistinguished).
sk: Anuta je malý sopečný ostrov, ktorý, napriek tomu, že sa nachádza medzi Šalamúnovými ostrovmi v Melanézii, je obývaný Polynézanmi. Pre Anutancov sú hviezdy najdôležitejším nástrojom pre diaľkovú navigáciu. Hlavné navigačné hviezdy sú známe ako "kaavenga". Hviezdne trasy, ktoré smerujú z ostrova na ostrov (aj keď ešte nevyšli, alebo už zapadli), sa nazývajú "kau panogna porau". Nepomenované hviezdy, ktoré sa ako navigačné pomôcky nevyužívajú, sa volajú "petuu vare" (bláznivé, obyčajné, či nevýznamné).

note: Anutan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Nomenclature
    
    |Anutan name|English translation|Western skylore|
    |-----------|-------------------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|The East Wing|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|The Bird's Armpit|Group of four small stars just east of Manu's Body|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grus|
    |Ara Toru|Path of Three|Orion's belt|
    |Te Angaanga|The Tongs|Taurus's forehead|
    |Matariki|Small Face, or Small Eyes|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Octopus Tentacle|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Corner of Great Square (one large star)|
    |Taki Mua|Forward Precursor|Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder|
    |Toki|Adze|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|The Carrying Stick|Three stars in Aquila in a straight line|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Four large stars in Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|The Net, or The Sacred Timber|Southern Cross|
    |Taro|Taro plant|Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Milky way|
    |Te Ao Rere|The Running Cloud|Large Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Ao Toka|The Restrained Cloud (?)|Small Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Petuu Ao|The Morning Star|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|The Morning Star(?)|Venus(?)|
sk: ### Názvoslovie
    
    |Anutanský názov|Preklad|Západná kultúra|
    |---------------|-------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|Telo vtáka|Sírius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|Východné krídlo|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|Severné krídlo|Prokyón|
    |Te Tino A Manu|Pazucha vtáka|Skupinka štyroch malých hviezd východne od Manuovho tela|
    |Te Kope|Bambus|Žeriav|
    |Ara Toru|Cesta troch|Oriónov pás|
    |Te Angaanga|Kliešte|Čelo býka|
    |Matariki|Malá tvár, malé oči|Plejády|
    |Kaavei|Chápadlo chobotnice|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Stredný predchodca|Roh Veľkého štvorca (jedna veľká hviezda)|
    |Taki Mua|Predný predchodca|Predné nohy a plece Pegasa|
    |Toki|Tesárska sekera|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|Prenosná palica|Tri hviezdy na priamke v Orlovi|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Pruhatec škvrnoplutvý|Štyri veľké hviezdy v Strelcovi|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Dvojitý muž|Alfa a Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|Sieť, alebo posvätné drevo|Južný kríž|
    |Taro|Rastlina Kolokázia|Anaters v Škorpiónovi je Te Kau (byľ). Päť hviezd okolo neho je Ona Rau (listy)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Mliečna cesta|
    |Te Ao Rere|Bežiaci oblak|Veľký Magellanov mrak|
    |Te Ao Toka|Zdržanlivý oblak (?)|Malý Magellanov mrak|
    |Te Petuu Ao|Zornička|Venuša|
    |Tiuriuri|Zornička(?)|Venuša(?)|

note: Anutan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridal do Stellaria *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Al-Sufi)
sk: Arabská (Al Súfiho)

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch described it as "the most outstanding among the works of the prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star catalogue in the Almagest." [#1]. In addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to Ptolemy star catalog.
sk: Kniha stálic bola napísaná krátko pred r. 964 n.l. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch ju
    popísal ako "najskvelejšia z diel popredného astronóma Abú al-Husejna 'Abd
    al-Rahmána ibn 'Umara al-Súfího (nar. 903 v Rajj, zomrel 986), nazývaného
    ako al-Súfí. V nej al-Súfí rozoberá 48 klasických súhvezdí, ktoré boli
    uzákonené a odovzdané v Ptolemajovom Almageste. Popis každého súhvezdia
    zahŕňa nasledovné časti: po prvé, všeobecnú rozpravu o súhvezdí a jeho
    jednotlivých hviezdach; táto časť obsahuje aj al-Súfího kritiku
    Ptolemajovskej tradície a poznámky zo svojich vlastných pozorovaní. Po
    druhé, záznam domorodých arabských mien hviezd, ktoré spadajú pod dané
    súhvezdie a presné určenie jednotlivých hviezd so zodpovedajúcimi
    Ptolemajovskými hviezdami. Po tretie, dve kresby súhvezdia - jedna, ako je
    vidieť na nebeskej sfére, a druhá, ako je vidieť na oblohe. Po štvrté,
    tabuľku hviezd tvoriacich súhvezdie, so slovným popisom polohy každej
    hviezdy a jej dĺžku, šírku, magnitúdu. Táto tabuľka blízko kopíruje
    usporiadanie Ptolemajovho hviezdneho katalógu v Almageste." [#1]. K štyrom častiam ku každému súhvezdiu
    spomínaných dr. Kunitzschom navyše al-Súfí určil hviezdy do 6 magnitúdy,
    ktoré boli Ptolemajom zanedbané, ale do katalógu ich nepripojil a ostal
    verný Ptolemajovmu hviezdnemu katalógu.

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and 20 minutes [#2]. For the other units, Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup[#3] and from my research.
    
    ### Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>&nbsp;</notr></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>unit</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>spear</td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>Man-Height</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>7°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>cubit</td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>span</td>
    	<td>1/3 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>47'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/2 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>1°10'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>finger</td>
    	<td>1/32 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>4.4'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/16 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>8.75'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one.
    
    ### The Sky Culture
    
    This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of the book, oldest of which is the [#8].
    
    First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji[#4].
    
    The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, which will display "The star on the end of the tail" on the top of the screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined through asterism names and asterism lines files.
    
    The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted from Ernie Wright website[#6] which was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest[#7]. The translation was modified in a few places to agree with Al-Sufi wording.
    
    The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content.
sk: Dôležitý aspekt časti všeobecnej diskusie je Al-Súfího metóda vykonania
    identifikácie hviezd. Každú jednotlivú hviezdu popisuje viacerými spôsobmi:
    podľa polohy hviezdy vzhľadom na obrazec súhvezdia, podľa magnitúdy, podľa
    asterizmov, ktoré tvorí s ostatnými hviezdami ako trojuholníky, alebo časti
    oblúka, niekedy podľa polohy voči Mliečnej ceste a podľa uhlovej
    vzdialenosti od blízkej hviezdy. V knihe som napočítal viac ako 700 uhlových
    vzdialeností meraných Al-Súfím. Jednotky, ktoré používa pre uhlové
    vzdialenosti, sú lakte, dĺžka kopije, výška človeka, šírka a prst. Al-Súfí
    sám explicitne tvrdí, že lakeť sa rovná dvom stupňom a 20 minútam [#2]. Pre ostatné jednotky odvodil Schjellerup
    niektoré hodnoty, ale po prezretí 700 meraní som prišiel na iné
    hodnoty. Nasledujúca tabuľka zhŕňa jednotky a ich vzťah k hodnote lakťa
    podľa Schjellerupa [#3] a z môjho
    výskumu.
    
    ### Jednotky uhlových vzdialeností používané Al-Súfim
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>&nbsp;</td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Chálid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>jednotka</b></td>
    	<td><b>lakte</b></td>
    	<td><b>Uhlová hodnota</b></td>
    	<td><b>lakte</b></td>
    	<td><b>Uhlová hodnota</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>kopija</td>
    	<td>6 lakťov</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    	<td>6 lakťov</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>výška muža</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 lakte</td>
    	<td>7°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>lakeť</td>
    	<td>1 lakeť</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    	<td>1 lakeť</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>šírka</td>
    	<td>1/3 lakťa</td>
    	<td>47'</td>
    	<td>1/2 lakťa</td>
    	<td>1°10'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>prst</td>
    	<td>1/32 lakťa</td>
    	<td>4.4'</td>
    	<td>1/16 lakťa</td>
    	<td>8.75'</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Ďalší dôležitý prvok Al-Súfího knihy je jeho záznam domorodých arabských
    mien hviezd spadajúcich pod každé súhvezdie a ich presná identifikácia
    vzhľadom k zodpovedajúcim Ptolemajovým hviezdam. To znamená, že sa pozeráme
    naraz na dve vrstvy poznania hviezd: Ptolemajovské a domorodé arabské.
    
    ### Kultúra oblohy
    
    Táto kultúra oblohy je výsledkom výskumu na viacerých rukopisoch knihy, z
    ktorých najstarší je [#8].
    
    Po prvé, rukopisy Knihy stálic boli riadne upravované a bol k nim spravený
    text. Po druhé, každá členská hviezda zo 48 súhvezdí bola identifikovaná
    podľa Al-Súfího popisu a skonštruovali sa nové tabuľky vrátane moderných
    označení hviezd z katalógov Hipparcos, Jasných hviezd a Beyerovho. Po
    tretie, domorodé arabské mená hviezd sa zozbierali a identifikovali podľa
    Al-Súfího priradenia k Ptolemajovým. Všetky predošlé kroky boli opísané v
    digitálne vydanej knihe Kniha stálic plus vysvetlenia a komentáre od Chálid
    Al-Adžadžiho [#4].
    
    Paličkové obrázky ku kultúre oblohy sú prevzaté z Ulug Begovho rukopisu
    Knihy stálic, vybraté a uprevené pre Stellarium pánom Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. Súbor s menami hviezd obsahuje číslo
    hviezdy v súhvezdí, ako jej hlavné meno a popis hviezdy v tabuľkách ako
    vedľajšie meno. Napríklad, Polárka má hlavné meno zobrazené ako UMi1, UMi je
    skratka Ursa Minor a 1 je prvá hviezda súhvezdia. Ak je hviezda vybratá, na
    vrchu obrazovky sa zobrazia vedľajšie mená ako "Hviezda na konci
    chvosta". Čiary súhvezdí sú zostavené podľa tvarov súhvezdí s pokusom spojiť
    čo najviac členských hviezd. Do súboru s hviezdami boli pridané ďalšie
    jednotlivé vedľajšie mená pre domorodé arabské názvy hviezd, kým názvy
    skupín hviezd boli definované cez asterizmy a súbory pre čiary asterizmov.
    
    Preklad popisov hviezd z arabčiny do angličtiny bol prevzatý zo stránky
    Ernieho Wrigtha [#6], ktorý bol
    prepísaný z Toomervho prekladu Almagestu [#7]. Preklad bol miestami upravený, aby
    súhlasil s Al-Súfího vyjadrením.
    
    Jediným zdrojom tejto kultúry oblohy je Kniha stálic a zámerom je podať
    vernú reprezentáciu obsahu knihy.

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com
sk: Kultúru oblohy podľa Knihy stálic skompiloval a do Stellaria pridal Chálid
    Al-Adžadži: turath.alfalak@gmail.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 dated 1009 AD](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)
sk:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: Viď Al Súfiho popis 14-tej hviezdy v Povozníkovi v jeho knihe.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 datovaný 1009 n.l.](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula)
sk: Arabská (Arabský polostrov)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com.
sk: Chalid al-Adžadži, turath.alfalak@gmail.com.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Indigenous)
sk: Arabská (Domorodá)

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy influence in the ninth century.
sk: Arabská kultúra oblohy zobrazuje poznatky o oblohe domorodých starovekých Arabov žijúcich na Arabskom polostrove pred vplyvom gréckej astronómie v deviatom storočí.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the sky, and particular shape of a group of stars. Single stars were named after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat). If two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves. Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and their youngsters, The horses and the foals. Particular shapes of stars were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper name of a woman for Orion stars. Other asterisms are given names according to legends and stories.
sk: Starovekí Arabi dávali mená jednotlivým hviezdam, párom hviezd, oblastiam na oblohe aj konkrétnym tvarom skupiny hviezd. Jednotlivé hviezdy boli pomenované po postave alebo púštnom zvierati. Arktúr je al-Simák al-Rámih, čo znamená: Vysoký s kopijou. Canopus je Suhajl, vlastné mužské meno. Máme aj hviezdy pomenované ako: Karakal a Dieťa (Kozľa). Ak sú dve porovnateľne jasné hviezdy blízko seba, majú spoločné meno ako: Dve teľatá, Dva vlky, Dve holubice. Niekedy je oblasť pomenovaná po skupine zvierat. Jasné hviezdy sú dospelé zvieratá a slabšie sú mláďatá, ako: Hyeny a ich mladé, Kone a žriebätká. Konkrétne tvary hviezd dostali mená ako Škorpión, Lev, al-Džawza, čo je vlastné ženské meno pre hviezdy Orióna. Ostatné asterizmy boli pomenované podľa legiend a príbehov.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com
sk: Chalid al-Adžadži: turath.alfalak@gmail.com

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture name
en: Armintxe Cave
sk: Jaskyňa Armintxe

note: Aztec sky culture name
en: Aztec
sk: Aztécka

note: Aztec sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental America in the 16th century.</p>
    <p>The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>. These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book.</p>
    <p>After the  Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and Nahuatl.</p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomical building</em></p>
    <p>Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for Stellarium.
sk: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />Pre starých Aztékov malo poznanie o nočnej oblohe a pohybe hviezd veľký
    význam pre ich kalendáre a meranie poľnohospodárskych a náboženských
    cyklov. Napriek tomu sa veľká časť týchto vedomostí stratila v dôsledku
    španielskych výbojov, ktoré sa v pevninskej Amerike odohrali v 16. storočí.</p>
    <p>Časti aztéckej spoločnosti, ako sú kultúra, ekonómia, veda, sa zachovali v
    tzv. <em>tlakuilá</em>. Slovo pochádza zo starého nahuatlovského slova
    <em>tlacuiloa</em>, čo znamená <em>spisy s obrázkami</em>. Tieto tlakuilá
    boli uchovávané v <em>amoxcalli</em>, kde amoxtli znamená knihy a calli
    dom. Neskôr sa stali známe ako <em>kódexy</em>; slovo pochádzajúce z
    latinčiny, čo značí písaná kniha.</p>
    <p>Po dobytí Španielmi bolo mnoho predhispánskych kódexov zničených, ich
    hlavným znakom bolo, že boli kreslené na rôzne materiály, napríklad jelenia
    koža, <em>amate</em> papier alebo bavlnená látka a neobsahovali text, iba
    obrázky alebo <em>glifos</em>. Napriek tomu zbieranie mezoamerických
    zvyklostí pokračovalo aj pred dobytím vďaka práci niektorých domorodých
    indiánov a niektorých španielskych kňazov. Tieto kódexy sú známe ako
    Koloniálne kódexy a sú kreslené inak, pretože z Európy boli dovezené nové
    techniky a materiály, a tiež preto, že obsahovali popisný text v španielčine
    aj jazyku nahuatl.</p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomické budovy</em></p>
    <p>Žiaľ, vo zvyšných kódexoch sú astronomické znalosti Aztékov
    malé. Nasledujúci obrázok je jeden z mála, ktorý pomenúva niektoré súhvezdia
    a astronomické javy, ktoré poznali. Patrí medzi <em>Primeros Memoriales</em>
    (prvé pamäte), čo je koloniálny rukopis zo 16. storočia napísaný frátrom
    Bernardinom de Sahagun.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    V tejto práci dnes máme vysvetlenie niektorých aztéckych hviezdnych obrazcov
    pre Stellarium.

note: Aztec sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS
sk:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [Otázky o zvieratníku v Amerike](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztécka Mytológia](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Poďakovanie
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS

note: Aztec sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    English translation by: Rafael Rojas Segoviano
sk: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    Anglický preklad: Rafael Rojas Segoviano

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (MUL.APIN)
sk: Babylonská (MUL.APIN)

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek one,
    is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the 12th century BCE.
    The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE but the celestial data in the text
    suggests a much earlier origin of the observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150.</p>
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/800px-MulApin-BritishMuseum.jpg"/></p>
    <p><br/><i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i></p>
    
    The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five lists of different content.
    On the first tablet, there is the so called "star catalogue" (a list of names of stars and constellations),
    followed by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu (culminating) asterisms,
    and the list of constellations in the lunar path.
    The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the sundial and rules for omina.
sk: <p>Táto <em>Babylonská kultúra oblohy</em>, ktorá sa používala pred gréckou, sa
    zachovala (pravdepodobne takmer) v kánonickom stave, datovaná až do
    12. storočia p.n.l. Najstaršie úlomky sú zo 7. stor. p.n.l., ale nebeské
    dáta v texte naznačujú omnoho skorší pôvod pozorovacej základne -
    najpravdepodobnejšie medzi 1350 až 1150 p.n.l.</p>
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/800px-MulApin-BritishMuseum.jpg"/></p>
    <p><br/><i>fotografia jednej z hlinených tabuliek, ktoré sú veľké ako list papiera
    (kredit: pracovníci Britského múzea)</i></p>
    
    Kompendium MUL.APIN pozostáva z dvoch veľkých hlinených tabuliek so šiestimi
    a piatimi zoznamami s rôznym obsahom. Na prvej tabuľke je tzv. "hviezdny
    katalóg" (zoznam mien hviezd a súhvezdí), ktorý nasledujú tri zoznamy
    heliaktických východov a západov, zoznam ziqpu (kulminujúcich) asterizmov a
    zoznam súhvezdí na mesačnej dráhe. Druhá tabuľka obsahuje pravidlá pre
    prestupné dni v kalendári, pravidlá pre slnečné hodiny a pravidlá pre
    znamenia.

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: British Museum [Image Tablet No 152339001](https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001)
     - [#2]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018.
     - [#3]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017.
     - [#4]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017.
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): *What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system*, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
     - [#6]: Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
     - [#7]: Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272 
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars. We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
    
    ### Thanks to
    
    The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    As an astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes.
    
     - Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)
     - Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)
sk:  - [#1]: Britské múzeum [Tabuľka číslo 152339001](https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001)
     - [#2]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018.
     - [#3]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017.
     - [#4]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017.
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): *What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system*, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
     - [#6]: Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
     - [#7]: Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272 
    
    ### Čestné používanie
    
    Táto kultúra oblohy pochádza z dlhoročného výskumu niekoľkých vedcov. Poskytujeme to zadarmo, ale autori príspevkov si určite zaslúžia byť citovaní podľa spoločných pravidiel. Ďakujem!
    
    ### Poďakovanie
    
    Umiestnenie babylonských názvov na oblohu a kreslenie čiarových figúrok pre Stellarium urobila Susanne M. Hoffmannová.
    Ako astronómka ďakuje za pomoc niekoľkým filológom a niektorým veľmi zanieteným manažérom planetárií za vývoj v ich kupolách.
    
     - Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (asýriológ, Viedeň)
     - Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (asýriológ, Jena)
     - Dr. Björn Voss (manažér LWL Planetária v Münsteri a predseda of Spoločnosti nemecky-hovoriacich planetárií)
     - Dr. Monika Staescheová (manažérka planetárium am Insulaner, Berlín)
     - Stefan Harnisch (manažér Planetária v Jene)

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to Stellarium:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>
sk: Babylonské mená hviezd a čiary súhvezdí boli zozbierané a pridané do
    Stellaria:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Obrázky: <em>Jessica Gullbergová </em> (konzultanti Steven Gullberg a
    Susanne M. Hoffmannová)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (Seleucid)
sk: Babylonská (Seleukovská)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch.
    
    <p>This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions of the constellations around the ecliptic.
     </p>
    
     However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture.
sk: Seleukovská éra babylonskej astronómie je obdobím pokračovateľov Alexandra
    Veľkého, ktorý dobil Babylon v r. 331 p.n.l. V týchto dňoch bol (už
    tisícročný) MUL.APIN stále kopírovaný a teda sa zdá, že sa vyvinul na
    staromódny, ale nie prekonaný štandard. Navyše z neskorej babylonskej epochy
    neexistuje alternatívne kompendium ako MUL.APIN.
    
    <p>Táto <em>Seleukovská</em> alebo <em>Neskorobabylonská kultúra oblohy</em> by
    mala ukazovať (odhadovaný) stav babylonských súhvezdí súčasných gréckej
    kultúre. Nie je popísaná pre celú oblohu. Zmeny vo verziách MUL.APIN sa
    počas niekoľkých storočí rozhodne aplikovali na zvieratník. Toto môžeme
    vyhlásiť s istotou, pretože v tomto období prekvitala zvieratníková
    astrológia. Keďže v MUL.APIN nebol zvieratník, a vyvinul sa až v polovici
    prvého tisícročia p.n.l., v okolí ekliptiky boli rôzne verzie súhvezdí.
     </p>
    
     Ale aj tak nevieme veľa o zvyšku oblohy. Preto pre súhvezdia vzdialené od
    zvieratníka, môžeme brať súhvezdia z MUL.APIN za najmodernejšie. Pre viac
    informácii si pozrite si kultúru oblohy MUL.APIN a použite súhvezdia
    MUL.APIN pre dojem starej (alebo strednej) babylonskej kultúry oblohy.

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Single Stars
    
     <p>
     In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i> lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "normal stars" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin "norma" = the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004).
    </p>
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    <p>The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 and some of the other papers given in "Further Reading". The book by Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium.
    </p>
    <p>
    
    ### MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td>"wolf" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough.</td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas (+?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)</td>
    <td>do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins) </td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: &quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo </notr>or<notr> &alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>15</notr></td>
    <td>STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Alcor<notr> (80 UMa)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMa (+)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>somewhere betw UMi and Vega?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMi (?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)</td>
    <td>In Late Babylonian language ("dictionaries") a new reading of this constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "nimru" translating to "the Panther"; the old demon at this place seems to have been replaced.</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)</td>
    <td>We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the "Field Mouse". </td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)</td>
    <td>the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33 (a)</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)</td>
    <td>Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of Anunitu.</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish.</td>
    <td><notr>And</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)</td>
    <td>Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU (sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not supposed to really look like a sheep.</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>Old Babylonian termed only "the Star Cluster", Middle Babylonian insists to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. Late Babylonian more often uses the term "the Bristle" on the neck of the Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one.</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and <sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)</td>
    <td>The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction in the sky). The "Jaw" are the Hyades.</td>
    <td><notr>Tau </notr>and Hyades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)</td>
    <td>Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make any sense to me: "behind" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him "pro kyon" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius.</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>or<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)</td>
    <td>The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, there are multiple options.</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)</td>
    <td>I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing options).</td>
    <td>in<notr> CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain</td>
    <td>The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess &Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica).</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)</td>
    <td>Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) does not need so much space.</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td>Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus. </td>
    <td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>48, 49</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> (Corpse)</td>
    <td>The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do not distinguish eagles and vultures. </td>
    <td><notr>Aql +</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of Anum completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)</td>
    <td>Greek "the Great Fish" </td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the Greek, they named this figure simply "the Man with the Water" or "Water-Carrier".</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>STAR of (the city of) Eridu</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where this asterism is to be located.</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td>still unclear</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible</td>
    <td> still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the Milky Way. </td>
    <td>in<notr> Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td>no hints, no clue</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da</td>
    <td>should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): <sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin</td>
    <td>single star name</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016.</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903). </td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) <sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish) </td>
    <td> Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis).</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>
sk: ### Samostatné hviezdy
    
     <p>
     V neskorších epochách je pre samostatné hviezdy zachovaných v kontraste so
    súhvezdiami oveľa viac zoznamov. Použili sme túto Neskorobabylonskú alebo
    Seleukovskú kultúru oblohy na sústredenie sa na mená hviezd. Existuje
    množstvo zoznamov <i>ziqpu</i> (kulminujúcich hviezd) a pre merania
    zvieratníka boli predstavené "normálne" hviezdy. Normálne hviezdy (z
    latinčiny "norma" = miera) sú vzťažnou sústavou pre matematickú astrometriu
    z neskorobabylonskej epochy. Kým pre väčšine ostatných hviezd je neistota v
    ich identifikácii s nebeským náprotivkom často obrovská, normálne hviezdy sú
    dobre identifikované, pretože ich súradnice možno odvodiť od planét
    stojacich pri nich (Jones, 2004).
    </p>
    
    ### Zdroje
    
    <p>Zoznamy ziqpu a normálnych hviezd sú z väčšej časti zozbierané v modernom
    kompendiu Hungera a Pingreeho: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 a
    niektorých iných prác podaných v "Súvisiacich článkoch". Kniha od
    Hoffmannovej, 2017 už obsahuje niekoľko výpočtov s týmito hviezdami a
    rozsiahlejšiu literatúru (napr. Wayne Horowitz pracoval na <i>ziqpu</i>
    hviezdach mnoho rokov, ale nie je tu spomenutý v samostatnom článku, aj keď
    jeho preklady tomuto výskumu výrazne prispeli). Pravdepodobná verzia
    neskorobabylonských paličkových obrazcov bude pridaná v neskoršom vydaní
    Stellaria.
    </p>
    <p>
    
    ### Čiastočne prepracované MUL.APIN súhvezdia
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">číslo súhvezdia</td>
    <td>asterizmus</td>
    <td>náš komentár</td>
    <td>poloha na oblohe</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>1</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Pluh)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Cas</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>2</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Vlk): osievateľ
    <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td>"vlk" tu neznamené zviera, ale časť pluhu.</td>
    <td>&gamma; Cas (+?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>3</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Starec)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Per</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>4</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Hádzacia palica)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>v Aur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>5</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Veľké
    dvojičky)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>6</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Malé
    dvojičky)</td>
    <td>už neexistuje (spojené s Veľkými dvojčatami) </td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>7</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Krab)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Cnc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>8</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lev)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Leo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>9</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA oproti <sup>HVIEZDE</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: HVIEZDA Kráľa</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>10</td>
    <td>blikajúce HVIEZDY na chvoste <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>:
    &quot;palica ďatlovej palmy&quot; (šperk?) <sup>BOHA</sup>Erua</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Com</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>11</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(Jasná?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Boo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>12</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA v popredí: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Hojný)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; Boo alebo &alpha; CVn</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>13</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA v pozadí: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dôstojnosť)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>CrB</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>14</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Voz)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>UMa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA pri póle <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>EREQQU</i>:
    <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Líška)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>16</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA na čele <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>EREQQU</i>:
    <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ovce)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; UMa (+)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>17</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Zadrhnuté jarmo?)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>UMi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>18</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Voz nebies)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>niekde medzi UMi a Vegou?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>19</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA v jeho zväzku: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722; </i>(Dedič
    chrámu Ema&#7723;)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; UMi (?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>20</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>ENZU</i>(Koza)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>21</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA v popredí <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>ENZU</i>:
    <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Pes) [bohyňe Guly]</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>v Her</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>22</td>
    <td>jasná HVIEZDA <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>23</td>
    <td>2 HVIEZDY<sup>y</sup> za: <sup>BOH</sup>Nin-SAR a <sup>BOH</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>24</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panter)</td>
    <td>V neskoršom babylonskom jazyku ("slovníkoch") sa objavuje nové čítanie mena
    tohto súhvezdia: malo by byť interpretované ako akkadské slovo "nimru",
    ktoré sa prekladá ako "panter"; starý démon bol zdá sa nahradený. </td>
    <td>Cyg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>25</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA napravo: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Prasa)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>26</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA naľavo: <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Kôň)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>27</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA za: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Jeleň)</td>
    <td>Presunuli sme Jeleňa na zobrazenie ďalšieho návrhu a pretože Panter zaberá
    iné oblasti ako démon UKADUA. Stále je nejasný, ale v tejto verzii hruď
    Jeleňa obsahuje M31, ktorá by mohla byť "Hrabošom". </td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>28</td>
    <td>blikajúca/e HVIEZD<sup>y</sup> oproti <sup>HVIEZDE</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>
    (Jeleň): <sup>BOH</sup>&#7722;arriru (Hraboš)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>M31 ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Cesta <sup>BOHA</sup>Enlil ukončená.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">číslo súhvezdia</td>
    <td>asterizmus</td>
    <td>náš komentár</td>
    <td>poloha na oblohe</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>32</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup>JEDNO&middot;&quot;POLE&quot;(plošná miera)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Peg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA oproti <sup>HVIEZDA</sup>JEDNO&middot;'POLE':
    <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Lastovička)</td>
    <td>južnejšia z dvoch elíps rýb; v porovnaní so skoršou verziou je to menšie
    súhvezdie, ktoré sa posunulo na severozápad</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33 (a)</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Chvosty)</td>
    <td>Pretože sa starobabylonská "Veľká Lastovička" zmenila na malú lastovičku a
    presunula na iné miesto, chvosty v tvare písmena V pôvodnej Veľkej
    lastovičky zostali bez významu. Stále sa však používajú ako súhvezdie
    (Chvosty - ale nikto nevie, čie). Neskôr sa ten tvar písmena V interpretoval
    ako pás spájajúci malú lastovičku s malou rybou pod súhvezdím Anunitu.</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>34</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA za <sup>HVIEZDOU</sup>JEDNO&middot;'POLE':
    <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>Naša paličková postava je pripravená na premenu na grécku Andromedu: Anunitu
    je len iné meno pre babylonskú bohyňu sexuálnej lásky Ištar, ktorá bola
    stotožnená s gréckou Afroditou, ktorej mýtus bol v Sýrii spájaný s rybou.</td>
    <td>And</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>35</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA za: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Najatý robotník)</td>
    <td>Počas storočí skracovania mien súhvezdí sa babylonské LU.HUN.GA premenilo na
    HUN, ktoré je podobné na UDU (ovca). Preto sa pracujúci muž premenil na
    ovcu. Toto však bola pravdepodobne len babylonská hra so slovíčkami, a tvar
    súhvezdia nemal v skutočnosti vyzerať ako ovca.</td>
    <td>Ari</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>36</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA.HVIEZDA(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Štetiny): <sup>BOH</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>Starí Babylončania pomenovávali len "Hviezdne kopy", strední Babylončania z
    neznámeho dôvodu dbali na ich zjednotení so Sebettu (Siedmi bohovia,
    bojovníci). Neskorí Babylončania častejšie používali termín "Štetiny" na
    krku Býka. Táto interpretácia je rovnaká, ako tá grécka.</td>
    <td>Plejády</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>37</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup>BÝK&middot;Z&middot;NEBA(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) a
    <sup>BOH</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Sánka divého býka)</td>
    <td>Nebeský býk je mytologická postava z eposu o Gilgamešovi. Gilgameš s ním
    bojuje a rozpolí ho (čo vysvetľuje jeho podobu na oblohe). Jeho "Sánka" sú
    Hyády.</td>
    <td>Tau a Hyády</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>38</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup>SKUTOČNÝ&middot;PASTIER&middot;Z&middot;NEBA
    (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orión)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Ori</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>39</td>
    <td>Dvojica HVIEZD oproti <sup>HVIEZDE</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>40</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA za: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Kohút)</td>
    <td>Normálne je Kohút stotožňovaný s moderným Zajacom, ale toto mi nedáva žiadny
    zmysel: "za" Oriónom, t.j. po ňom vychádza Prokyón, veľmi jasná hviezda bez
    známeho babylonského mena. Gréci ju nazvali "pro kyon" (vychádzajúca pred
    psom), pretože v niektorých podmanených kultúrach bol Prokyón ukazovateľom
    pre čoskoro vychádzajúceho Síria (psiu hviezdu). V babylonskej kultúre nebol
    Sírius psou hviezdou, ale bol dôležitý pre kalendár. Preto som navrhla vziať
    Prokyón namiesto Kohúta, aby tak nejak oznamoval jasnejšieho Síria.</td>
    <td>Lep (alebo &alpha; CMi ??)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>41</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Šíp)</td>
    <td>Zobrazená verzia je len návrh. Istý je len Sírius, pre zvyšok je viacero
    možností.</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>42</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Luk)</td>
    <td>Myslím, že toto je najviac akceptovaná verzia (z viacerých existujúcich
    možností)</td>
    <td>v CMa ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>43</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA <sup>BOHA</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Hadí boh)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Hya</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>44</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Havran)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Crv</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>45</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i><sup>BOH</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, klas obilia</td>
    <td>Staré súhvezdie Brázda zmizlo a ostala namiesto nej Panna (bohyňa
    &Scaron;ala). Stabilný element je 'klas obilia' ako meno najjasnejšej
    hviezdy (grécky Stachys, latinsky Spica).</td>
    <td>Vir</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>46</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Váhy)</td>
    <td>Keďže MUL.APIN identifikuje Váhy s časťou (rohmi) Škorpióna, toto súhvezdie
    v ranej gréckej astronómii zaniklo a znovu sa objavilo až v raných rímskych
    časoch (Almagest a neskôr). Myslíme si, že raná verzia Váh by mala byť
    samostatným súhvezdím a nie časťou Škorpióna. Otočili sme ich o 180°,
    pretože v babylonskej kultúre nepotrebuje Panna (ako Brázda a tiež Panna
    &Scaron;ala) toľko miesta.</td>
    <td>okolo Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>47</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA <sup>BOHA</sup>Zababu</td>
    <td>Normálne je stotožnený s oblasťou v Hadonosovi. </td>
    <td>Oph</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>48, 49</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Orol) a <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>PAGRU</i>
    (Mŕtvola)</td>
    <td>Orol (Aql) je spojený s Mŕtvolou, čo pripomína obrázok z Almagestu - Orla
    nesúceho mŕtveho Antinua. Zdá sa celkom pravdepodobné, že predtým bol orol
    supom, pretože supy sa viažu s mŕtvymi telami, kým orly nie. V babylonskej
    mytológii navyše orol nesie prednostne živého (nie mŕtveho) muža. Na
    dôvažok, mnohé rané jazyky nerozlišujú medzi orlami a supmi. </td>
    <td>Aql +</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Cesta Anuma ukončená.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">číslo súhvezdia</td>
    <td>asterizmus</td>
    <td>náš komentár</td>
    <td>poloha na oblohe</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>54</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Ryba)</td>
    <td>grécka "Veľká ryba" </td>
    <td>PsA</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>55</td>
    <td>VEĽKÁ&middot;HVIEZDA: <sup>BOH</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>Boh múdrosti a čarov, Ea, je zvyčajne zobrazovaný s prúdmi vody, ktoré
    pramenia z jeho ramien. Pre Babylončanov to bolo jasné zobrazenie prameňov
    Eufratu a Tigrisu. Pretože Grékom to jasné nebolo, pomenovali túto postavu
    jednoducho "Muž s vodou" alebo "Vodnár".</td>
    <td>Aqr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>56</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA (mesta) Eridu</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Canopus (&alpha; Car)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>57</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA napravo HVIEZDE <sup>&lt;BOH&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>Pretože Canopus je na oblohe takmer presne oproti Vodnárovi, nie je jasné,
    kde by sa tento asterizmus mal nachádzať.</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>58</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td>stále nejasné</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>59</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA napravo: <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Brány), v
    strede ktorej vidno Aps&ucirc;</td>
    <td> stále nejasné - možno je Aps&ucirc; najjužnejšou časťou Mliečnej cesty. </td>
    <td>v Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>60</td>
    <td>2 HVIEZDY<sup>y</sup> za: <sup>BOH</sup>&Scaron;ullat a
    <sup>BOH</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td>žiadne náznaky, stopy</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>61</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA v pozadí, ktorá zjasňuje ako <sup>BOH</sup>Ea (a) zapadá ako Ea:
    HVIEZDA <sup>BOHA</sup>Numu&scaron;du</td>
    <td>mala by to byť mužská antropomorfná postava (boh)</td>
    <td>Cen</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>62</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA naľavo <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Škorpión):
    <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Lup</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>63</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>64</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i>(Hruď škorpióna): <sup>BOH</sup>Lisin </td>
    <td>meno samotnej hviezdy</td>
    <td>Antares (&alpha; Sco)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>65</td>
    <td>2 HVIEZD<sup>y</sup> na žihadle (<i>ZIQTU</i>)
    <sup>HVIEZDY</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>BOH</sup>&Scaron;arur a
    <sup>BOH</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>Pretože &Scaron;argaz je starý názov pre žiahdlo, je takmer isté, a znovu
    sme mu dali oficiálny moderná názov hviezdy podľa IAU 2016.</td>
    <td>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>66</td>
    <td>HVIEZDA za nimi: <sup>BOH</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>Zobrazenie boha Pabilsa&#285; je ikonografický jasné. Môže ľahko prevedený
    na gréckeho kentaura (viď Boll, 1903). </td>
    <td>Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>67, 68</td>
    <td><sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Kôra) (a?)
    <sup>HVIEZDA</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Kozo-ryba) </td>
    <td> Buď bola Kôra identifikovaná s Kozo-rybou, čo by mohlo znamenať, že obe mená
    popisujú to isté súhvezdie (hlavne v starobabylonskej epoche pred
    MUL.APIN. To je hypotéza publikovaná Craigom Crossenom v
    Sky&Telescope). Alternatívne (a pravdepodobne pre neskoršie epochy) sa Kôra
    presunula na západ pod nohy Pabilsa&#285; (Strelec). To by vysvetľovalo dlhú
    Eratosthenovu debatu o nelogickom obraze kentaura stojaceho na lodi. Ak by
    bola Kôra samostatné súhvezdie, malo by byť stotožnené s Ptolemaiovou Južnou
    korunou (Corona Australis).</td>
    <td>(CrA &amp;) Cap</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Cesta <sup>BOHA</sup>Ea ukončená.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: Many publications on *ziqpu* star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why we do not list them in detail here.
    
    ### Thanks to
    
    Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and development time in their domes.
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)
sk:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: V horeuvedených knihách boli zozbierané a diskutované mnohé publikácie o zoznamoch hviezd *ziqpu* od Wayna Horowitza, Johna M. Steeleho, E. Weidnera, J. Kocha, a iných, hlavne v tej od Hungera a Pingreeho (1999), preto ich tu detailne nevypisujeme.
    
    ### Poďakovanie
    
    Vďaka niektorým veľmi oduševneným manažérov planetárií za ich  čas a vývoj v
    ich kupolách.
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manažér LWL Planetária Münster a vedúci Spoločnosti nemecky
    hovoriacich planetárií)
    
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manažér Planetária Jena)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Artwork by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany) and Susanne M Hoffmann (Planetarium Königsleiten, Austria).
    
    The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and
    
    the Babylonian constellation lines were prepared by:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
sk: Obrázky od R. Perdoka, LWL Planetarium Münster (Nemecko) a Susanny M
    Hoffmannovej (Planetarium Königsleiten, Rakúsko).
    
    Babylonské mená hviezd zozbierala a do Stellaria pridala a
    
    čiary babylonských súhvezdí pripravil:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>

note: Belarusian sky culture name
en: Belarusian
sk: Bieloruská

note: Belarusian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized.
sk: Tu sú ukázané niektoré zaujímavé ľudové súhvezdia používané v Bielorusku, krajine vo východnej Európe susediacej na severovýchode s Ruskom, na juhu s Ukrajinou, s Poľskom na západe a Litvou a Lotyšskom na severozápade. Bielorusko je vnútrozemská krajina s veľkou plochou močiarov a tisíckami jazier. Lesy pokrývajú asi 40% krajiny. Bielorusko je výnimočné v tom, že ľudia na dedinách si až po dnes zachovali tradičné vedomosti o hviezdach a vierou s nimi spojenou. Tieto príklady nie sú vonkoncom kompletné. V skutočnosti majú mnohé asterizmy zaznamenané viaceré významy, od starovekých až po kresťanské.

note: Belarusian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en:  - Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as *simply* a large cart.
     - The Bride
     - The Chicks
     - The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross
     - The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head.
     - The Goat
     - The Grass Snakes
     - The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom.
     - The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner of people mowing the fields.
     - The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies revolve.
     - The Ploughman
     - The Rake
     - The Ram
     - The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star that always stands in the same place
     - The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of *zhito* through it“.
     - The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major.
     - The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair.
     - The Twins
     - The Goose's Way
sk:  - Eliášov voz &mdash; horiaci voz, na ktorom ide Eliáš, kresťanská verzia súhvezdia, ktoré bolo predtým známe *jednoducho* ako veľký voz.
     - Nevesta
     - Kuriatka
     - Kríž &mdash; Petrov kríž
     - Koruna &mdash; tŕňová koruna, ktorú dali Kristovi na hlavu.
     - Koza
     - Užovky
     - Kráľovstvo &mdash; Tieto dve hviezdy slúžili ako symbol dvoch štátov: Veľkolitovského kniežatstva a Poľského kráľovstva.
     - Kosci &mdash; Tieto tri hviezdy stoja jedna vedľa druhej ako kosci žnúci polia.
     - Klinec &mdash; Polárka je považovaná za klinec, okolo ktorej sa točí obloha.
     - Oráč
     - Hrable
     - Baran
     - Had &mdash; Svätý Juraj zabil draka a zavesil ho vedľa hviezdy, ktorá stále stojí na jednom mieste
     - Sito &mdash; Vravelo sa, že "Boh ho používal, aby cezeň preosial zrná *žita*."
     - Malý voz &mdash; Malá medvedica pripomína veľký voz Veľkej medvedice.
     - Trón &mdash; stolec Pána Ježiša.
     - Dvojičky
     - Husia cestička

note: Belarusian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) The author's website, in Belarusian.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)
sk:  - [#1]: [Bieloruská ľudová astronómia](http://aviti.livejournal.com) webstránka autora, v bieloruštine.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Bieloruská etnoastronómia.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Etnoastronomické aspekty tradičného bieloruského fitonimikonu: definovanie problému.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Projekt meteorické povery: Východoeurópske meteorické povery.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Projekt meteorické povery: Bieloruské meteorické ľudové povery.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronymá v bieloruských ľudových poverách.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)

note: Belarusian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Illustrations by Johan Meuris.
sk: Vytvorenie tejto kultúry oblohy pre Stellarium navrhol Alexander Wolf Johanovi Meurisovi, na základe článku **Astronymá v bieloruských ľudových poverách** od Tsimafeia Avilina, ktorý vyšiel v recenzovanom časopise Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Ilustrácie od Johana Meurisa.

note: Belarusian sky culture license section in markdown format Modern sky culture license section in markdown format Modern (Chinese) sky culture license section in markdown format
en: Text and data: CC BY-SA 4.0
    
    Illustrations: Free Art License
sk: Text a dáta: CC BY-SA 4.0
    
    Ilustrácie: Free Art License

note: Boorong sky culture name
en: Boorong
sk: Aborigénska

note: Boorong sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in 1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to create the constellation figures in Stellarium.
    
    The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;.
sk: Pred stoštyridsiatimi rokmi povedala jedna aborigénska rodina pri jazere Tyrrell (Severozápadná Victoria, Austrália) Williamovi Stanbridgeovi niečo o ich príbehoch týkajúcich sa nočnej oblohy. Pomenovaných a nájdených bolo asi štyridsať hviezd, súhvezdí a iných nebeských javov. Zapísal si ich a v roku 1857 posunul túto informáciu Filozofickému inštitútu v Melbourne. Vo svojom liste zapísal aborigénsky výraz a podal aj európsky ekvivalent. John Morieson sa podrobne pozrel na tieto nebeské javy, pokúsil sa ich úspešne identifikovať a imitovať spôsob, ako sa na ne mohli pozerať aborigéni. Johnova interpretácia bola použitá na vytvorenie obrázkov pre Stellarium.
    
    Aborigéni sa veľmi dobre vyznali v nočnej oblohe a William Stanbridge napísal v r. 1857, že &quot;sú hrdí na to, že majú viac astronomických vedomostí, než všetky iné kmene&quot;.

note: Boorong sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations and other celestial objects
    
    |Name|Explanation|Celestial Clue|
    |----|-----------|--------------|
    |<notr>Berm-berm-gle</notr>|Red-kneed dotterel|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |<notr>Boorong</notr>|Night; small mallee; starry firmament|Starry firmament at night|
    |<notr>Bunya</notr>|Ring-tail possum|Top star in Southern Cross|
    |<notr>Chargee Gnowee</notr>|Elder sister, sister of the sun|Venus|
    |<notr>Bittur</notr>|Larvae of the woodant|&mdash;|
    |<notr>Collenbitchick</notr>|Species of ant|Double star in head of Capricornus|
    |<notr>Collowgulloric War</notr>|Female crow, wife of War|Eta Carinae|
    |<notr>Colowgulloric Warepil</notr>|Female eagle, wife of Warepil|Rigel In Orion|
    |<notr>Djuit</notr>|Red-rumped parrot|Antares|
    |<notr>Gellarlec</notr>|Pink cockatoo|Aldebaran|
    |<notr>Ginabongbearp</notr>|Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight|Jupiter|
    |<notr>Gnowee</notr>|Day; Sun|Sun|
    |<notr>Karik Karik</notr>|Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel|Two stars at end of Scorpius|
    |<notr>Kourt-chin</notr>|Male and female brolga|Clouds of Magellan|
    |<notr>Kulkanbulla</notr>|Two teenage boys|Belt and Scabbard of Orion|
    |<notr>Lamankurrk</notr>|Girls, young women|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Marpeankurrk</notr>|Meat ant; treecreeper|Arcturus|
    |<notr>Millee</notr>|Murray River|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mindi</notr>|The maned snake|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mityan</notr>|Quoll|Moon|
    |<notr>Neilloan</notr>|Mallee fowl|Lyra|
    |<notr>Nurrumbunguttias</notr>|Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo|White aura of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Otchocut</notr>|Great fish|Delphinus|
    |<notr>Porkelong toute</notr>|Loss of tooth|Shooting star|
    |<notr>Pupperimbul</notr>|Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola|Carried the emu egg to become the Sun|
    |<notr>Purra</notr>|Red kangaroo|Capella|
    |<notr>Tchingal</notr>|The tall one; emu|Dark space near Cross|
    |<notr>Totyarguil</notr>|Purple crowned lorikeet|Altair|
    |<notr>Tourchingboiongerra</notr>|Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Tourte</notr>|Star|Any star|
    |<notr>Tyrille</notr>|Space; night sky|Space; night sky|
    |<notr>Unurgunite</notr>|Jacky lizard|Sigma Canis Majoris|
    |<notr>Wanjel</notr>|Long-necked tortoise|Pollux|
    |<notr>War</notr>|Crow|Canopus|
    |<notr>Warepil</notr>|Wedge tailed eagle|Sirius|
    |<notr>Warring</notr>|Galaxy|Milky Way|
    |<notr>Weetkurrk</notr>|Singing bushlark|Star in Bootes west of Arcturus|
    |<notr>Won</notr>|Boomerang|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Yerredetkurrk</notr>|Owlet nightjar|Achernar|
    |<notr>Yurree</notr>|Fan-tailed cockatoo|Castor|
sk: ### Súhvezdia a iné nebeské telesá
    
    |Meno|Vysvetlenie|Nebeská stopa|
    |----|-----------|-------------|
    |Berm-berm-gle|Kulík červenonohý|Alfa a Beta Centauri|
    |Boorong|Noc; Malý eukalyptus; Hviezdne nebo|Hviezdne nebo v noci|
    |Bunya|Vakoveverica sťahovavá|Vrchná hviezda v Južnom kríži|
    |Chargee Gnowee|Staršia sestra, sestra Slnka|Venuša|
    |Bittur|Larvy lesných mravcov|&mdash;|
    |Collenbitchick|Druh mravca|Dvojhviezda v hlave Kozorožca|
    |Collowgulloric War|Vrana, žena Wara|Éta Carinae|
    |Colowgulloric Warepil|Orlica, Warepilova žena|Rigel v Orióne|
    |Djuit|Papagáj spevavý|Antares|
    |Gellarlec|Kakadu ružový|Aldebaran|
    |Ginabongbearp|Kakadu biely so žltým chocholom; Vychádzajúce svetlo|Jupiter|
    |Gnowee|Deň; Slnko|Slnko|
    |Karik Karik|Vrhač kopije; Sokol austrálsky|Dve hviezdy na konci Škorpióna|
    |Kourt-chin|Samec a samica brolgu|Magellanove mraky|
    |Kulkanbulla|Dvaja mladíci|Pás a pošva Orióna|
    |Lamankurrk|Dievčatá, mladé ženy|Plejády|
    |Marpeankurrk|Mäsový mravec; Lezčík|Arktúr|
    |Millee|Rieka Murray|Časť Mliečnej cesty|
    |Mindi|Had hrivnatý|Časť Mliečnej cesty|
    |Mityan|Quoll|Mesiac|
    |Neilloan|Tabon holubí|Lyra|
    |Nurrumbunguttias|Starec, Kengura tmavochvostá|Biela aura Mliečnej cesty|
    |Otchocut|Veľká ryba|Delphinus|
    |Porkelong toute|Strata zuba|Meteor|
    |Pupperimbul|Pinka diamantová ohňochvostá alebo Chrastiar plachý|Vzal vajce emu aby sa stalo Slnkom|
    |Purra|Kengura červená|Capella|
    |Tchingal|Vysoký; Emu|Tmavé miesto pri Kríži|
    |Totyarguil|Lori korunkový|Altair|
    |Tourchingboiongerra|Hakea akáciovitá a páviky čiernobiele|Vlasy Bereniky|
    |Tourte|Hviezda|Ľubovoľná hviezda|
    |Tyrille|Vesmír; Nočná obloha|Vesmír; Nočná obloha|
    |Unurgunite|Agama|Sigma Canis Majoris|
    |Wanjel|Dlhokrká korytnačka|Pollux|
    |War|Vrana|Canopus|
    |Warepil|Orol klinochvostý|Sírius|
    |Warring|Galaxia|Mliečna cesta|
    |Weetkurrk|Škovránok spevavý|Hviezda v Pastierovi západne od Arktúru|
    |Won|Bumerang|Corona Australis|
    |Yerredetkurrk|Lelčík sovovitý|Achernar|
    |Yurree|Kakadu s vejárovým chvostom|Castor|

note: Boorong sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* and *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridali *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* a *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.

note: Chinese sky culture name
en: Chinese
sk: Čínska

note: Chinese sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system to connect the stars, known as "Xingguan" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān, meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th centuries.
sk: Čínska astronómia sa rozvíjala nezávisle a Číňania mali svoj vlastný systém spájania hviezd, známy ako "singkuan" (čínsky: 星官; pchin-jin: sīngkuān, znamená: hviezdni úradníci). Vo východnej Ázii mala tradičná čínska kultúra oblohy ďalekosiahle dôsledky. V starovekej Číne sa singkuany a planéty spájali s astrológiou. Po tisícročiach vývoja sa dnešné singkuany a mená hviezd ustálili medzi 17. a 19. storočím.

note: Chinese sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Yi Shitong. (1981). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0. Beijing: Science Press.
     - [#2]: Pan Nai. (2009). The History of Stellar Observation in China. Shanghai: Academia Press. ISBN 9787807306948.
     - [#3]: Yi Shitong. (1980). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart. Encyclopedia of China - Astronomy. Beijing. Encyclopedia of China Publishing House.
     - [#4]: [English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names](http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/zh_CN/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html)
     - [#5]: [AEEA Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system](http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html)
     - [#6]: [Chinese constellations (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations)
     - [#7]: [Traditional Chinese star names (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names)
     - [#8]: [http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html](http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html)
sk:  - [#1]: Yi Shitong. (1981). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0. Beijing: Science Press.
     - [#2]: Pan Nai. (2009). The History of Stellar Observation in China. Shanghai: Academia Press. ISBN 9787807306948.
     - [#3]: Yi Shitong. (1980). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart. Encyclopedia of China - Astronomy. Beijing. Encyclopedia of China Publishing House.
     - [#4]: [Anglicko-čínsky slovník hviezdnych oblastí, asterizmov a mien hviezd](http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/zh_CN/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html)
     - [#5]: [AEEA Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system](http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html)
     - [#6]: [Čínske súhvezdia (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations)
     - [#7]: [Tradičné čínske mená hviezd (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names)
     - [#8]: [http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html](http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html)

note: Chinese sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was initially contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star maps (no longer available online).
    
    Sun Shuwei [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based primarily on the book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* by Yi Shitong, and add the description.
sk:  Túto kultúru oblohy pôvodne pridala *Karrie Berglundová* z Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. založenú na mapách hviezd Hongkongského múzea vesmíru (už viac nedostupné online).
    
    Sun Šuwej [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) doplnil viac ako 200 singkuanov a viac ako 3000 hviezd, hlavne podľa knihy *Čínsky a západný kontrastný atlas a katalóg 1950,0* od Ji Šitunga, a pridal popis.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture name
en: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century)
sk: Obloha čínskej Čchenčuo (3. storočie)

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Sun, X.-C., and Kistemaker, J., *The Chinese sky during the Han*. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
     - [#2]: Yang, B.-S., 2023. *Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu* 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023).
     - [#3]: Yang, B.-S., and Hoffmann, S. M., 2024. Identification of Z Cam’s Historical Counterpart: The Quest for an Ancient Nova. *Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics*. 12, 12pp.
     - [#4]: Yang, B.-S., and Chu, L.-F., 2025. A Research on Chenzhuo’s Star Catalogue in the Continuation of the Later Han Books. *The Chinese Journal for the History of Science*. 1.
sk:  - [#1]: Sun, X.-C., and Kistemaker, J., *The Chinese sky during the Han*. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
     - [#2]: Yang, B.-S., 2023. *Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu* 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (Výskum o presnosti tradičných čínskych pozorovaní hviezd a evolúcia súhvezdí), dizertačná práca, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023).
     - [#3]: Yang, B.-S., and Hoffmann, S. M., 2024. Identification of Z Cam’s Historical Counterpart: The Quest for an Ancient Nova. *Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics*. 12, 12pp.
     - [#4]: Yang, B.-S., and Chu, L.-F., 2025. A Research on Chenzhuo’s Star Catalogue in the Continuation of the Later Han Books. *The Chinese Journal for the History of Science*. 1.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Dr. YANG Boshun (杨伯顺). [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridal Dr. Yang Boshun (杨伯顺). [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture name
en: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky
sk: Obloha čínskej dynastia Sung

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy do Stellaria pridal užívateľ *Sun Šuwej* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)

note: Egyptian sky culture name
en: Egyptian
sk: Egyptská

note: Egyptian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point.
sk: Neskoršia egyptská astronómia/astrológia nasleduje grécko-rímsku kultúru. Viera, že hviezdy môžu ovplyvňovať ľudský osud, zdá sa, nezasiahla Egypt skôr, než v časoch Ptolemaja. Chrám Hathor v Dandare sa datuje z doby Ptolemajovcov, pravdepodobne z prvého storočia p.n.l. a obsahuje nádherné ilustrácie oblohy, čo tento záver dokresľuje.

note: Egyptian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales (which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [#1].
    
    Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [#2], although the constellations did change significantly over time [#3].
    
    The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the "stars that knew no rest". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet now known as Jupiter was called "Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"; Mars was "Horus of the Horizon"; Mercury was "Sebegu", associated with Set; Saturn was "Horus the Bull of the Sky"; and Venus was "the God of the Morning" [#7].
sk: Napriek tomu, v názvosloví boli rozdiely. Napríklad, Rak bol znázornený ako skarabeus. Obrazec leva pri váhach (teda nie zvieratníkový lev) je súhvezdie Kentaur [#1].
    
    Skoršie súhvezdia sú ešte viac problémové, ale existujú náznaky, že niektoré moderné znamenia zvieratníka sú naozaj veľmi staré [#2], aj keď sa súhvezdia časom výrazne menili [#3].
    
    Egypťania rozoznávali päť planét a volali ich "hviezdy, ktoré nepoznajú oddych". Ich pohyb po nebi pripomínal Egypťanom päť bohov plaviacich sa po oblohe v ich slnečnej bárke (lodi). Planétu dnes známu ako Jupiter volali "Hor, ktorý ohraničuje Dve krajiny"; Mars bol "Hor na horizonte"; Merkúr bol "Sebegu", spájaný so Sutechom; Saturn bol "Hor nebeský býk" a Venuša bola "Boh rána" [#7].

note: Egyptian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: <notr>Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6</notr>
sk:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6

note: Egyptian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridala *Karrie Berglundová* z Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. založenú na článku "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament" od Juana Antiona Belmonteho.
    
    Túto kultúru hviezdnej oblohy aktualizoval misibacsi (mená planét)

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture name
en: Egyptian (Dendera)
sk: Egyptská (Denderská)

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Osiris in the Hathor temple at Dendera. This chapel was begun in the late Ptolemaic period when Egypt was ruled by (Greek) successors of Alexander the Great (hellenistic Egypt: 305-30 BCE). Its <i>pronaos</i> (a hall in front of the holy chamber) was added by the Roman emperor Tiberius (14-37 CE). This led Jean-François Champollion (18th century) to date the relief to the Greco-Roman period (while most of his contemporaries believed it to be of a millennium earlier because of the Egyptian style of the figures - this is not believed anymore). Today, French archaeologists date it to exactly 54 BCE [1].  The relief is now on display at the Musée du Louvre, Paris (France).</p>
sk: <p>Súsošie Zvieratník z Dendery (alebo Denderah zodiac) je všeobecne známy
    egyptský stropný basreliéf z pronaosu (či portika) kaplnky venovanej
    Osirisovi v chráme Hathor v Dendere. Kaplnka bola postavená v neskorej
    ptolemaiovskej dobe počas vlády (gréckych) nástupcov Alexandra Veľkého v
    Egypte (helenistický Egypt: 305-30 p.n.l.). Jej <i>pronaos</i> (sieň pred
    posvätnou komorou) bol pridaný rímskym cisárom Tiberiom (14-37 n.l.). To
    viedlo Jean-Françoisa Champolliona (18. stor.) datovať reliéf do
    grécko-rímskej doby (aj keď väčšina jeho súčasníkov verila, že by mal byť
    tisíc rokov starší, hlavne pre egyptský štýl postáv - to je však už
    vyvrátené). Dnes ho francúzski archeológovia datujú presne do roku 54
    p.n.l. [1]. Reliéf je vystavený v Múzeu v Louvri, Paríži (Francúzsko).</p>

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ### Zodiac
    
    The zodiac came to Greece from Babylonian sources. It is unknown whether or not the Egyptians had similar figures: The origin of the zodiac is the path of the Moon and was, thus, important for the Egyptian calendar, too. However, the zodiac depicted in Dendera is definitely the Greek (partially misunderstood) interpretation of the Babylonian one.
    
    The Zodiac is the Babylonian one with the semi-exception of Pisces: Pisces are depicted as two fish which is never found in Babylon and only an analogon is known in Late Babylonian epoch in the city of Uruk. In Uruk, the constellation  was changed to the constellation of the Swallow-Fish connecting a swallow and a fish. In contrast, in Babylon it has always been "The Tails of the Giant Swallow" (Steele 2018).
    
     The other constellations of the zodiac are the Babylonian versions, partially egyptized. Virgo is depicted as the Babylonian Goddess Shala with the Ear of Grain, Capricornus as a Goat-Fish accompanying the Babylonian god of witchcraft (Aquarius), Sagittarius as the Babylonian god Pabilsang. Scorpion, Aries and Cancer leave rather no room for interpretation. Leo is depicted as a usual lion but carries the Egyptian queen Berenice (whose name was given to the constellation Coma Berenices) at his tail. Gemini are not depicted as Twins but as a couple, the Bull is not halved.
    
    ### Outside the Zodiac
    
    The rest of the sky  also shows a mixture of several cultures: The hippo goddess who guards the Ox Thigh is a clearly Egyptian constellation. Interestingly, there is a desert fox and a sheep next to the ox thigh which refers to same positions in the sky as the Babylonian constellations of the Fox and the Ewe.
    
    In contrast to these native Egyptian constellations, there are also native Sumerian ones that are depicted in an Egyptized way: This is marked in the "Translation" of the Stellarium labels.
    
    Interestingly, this depiction explains several Greek names of single stars: e.g. at the position of Capella, there is a whitish Goat in the Dendera ceiling, and at the position of the star Canopus whose name is already attested in Ptolemy's Almagest, there is a Horus-falcon on a canopy jar. It suggests that these were originally Egyptian images that have been transformed to star names in a later epoch in order to commemorate the outdated constellations.
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    <p>This <em>sky culture</em> is a mapping of historical figures onto the stars. The figures are directly copied by hand from the digital photographs that are provided by the Louvre and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zodiaque_de_Denderah_aux_couleurs_d'origine.jpg">colours follow roughly the reconstruction by Alexandre N.Isis  (wikicommons, 2013)</a>.</p>
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from research. We provide this for free but the authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
sk: ### Zvieratník
    
    Zvieratník sa do Grécka dostal z babylonských zdrojov. Nie je známe, či mali
    Egypťania podobné obrazce. Zvieratník je odvodený z polôh Mesiaca a teda bol
    dôležitý aj pre egyptský kalendár. Napriek tomu je zvieratník z Dendery
    definitívne gréckou (čiastočne nepochopenou) interpretáciou toho
    babylonského.
    
    Zvieratník je babylonský, ale s výnimkou Rýb: Ryby sú zobrazené ako dve
    ryby, pričom v babylonskom sa tak nikde nenašli a niečo podobné je známe len
    z neskorobabylonskej epochy z mesta Uruk. V Uruku zmenili súhvezdie na
    Lastovičko-Rybu, pretože spájalo lastovičku s rybou. Naproti tomu v Babylone
    vždy šlo o "Chvosty obrovskej lastovičky" (Steele 2018).
    
     Iné súhvezdia zvieratníka sú babylonskými verziami, čiastočne
    poegyptčené. Panna je zobrazená ako babylonská bohyňa Šala s klasom obilia,
    Kozorožec ako kozo-ryba sprevádzajúca babylonského boha kúziel (Vodnára),
    Strelec je ako babylonský boh Pabilsang. Škorpión, Baran a Rak nedávajú sa
    nedajú interpretovať. Lev je zobrazený ako lev, ale nesie pri chvoste
    egyptskú kráľovnú Bereniku (ktorej meno dalo názov súhvezdiu Vlasy
    Bereniky). Blíženci nie sú zobrazení ako dvojičky, ale ako pár. Býk nie je
    rozpolený.
    
    ### Mimo zvieratníka
    
    Zvyšok oblohy tiež obsahuje zmes viacerých kultúr: hrošiu bohyňu strážiacu
    Volské stehno, ktorá je jednoznačne egyptským súhvezdím. Je zaujímavé, že
    vedľa Volského stehna sa nachádza púštna líška a ovca, ktoré sú na rovnakom
    mieste, ako babylonské Líška a ovca.
    
    V kontraste s pôvodnými egyptskými súhvezdiami sú pôvodné sumerské, ktoré sú
    tiež zobrazené v egyptskom štýle. Toto je zaznačené aj v "preklade" názvov
    Stellaria.
    
    Zaujímavosťou je, že toto zobrazenie vysvetľuje viaceré grécke mená
    samotných hviezd. Napr. na mieste Capelly je na Denderskom strope belavá
    Koza a na mieste Canopusu, ktorého meno je spomenuté v Ptolemajovom
    Almageste, sa nachádza Horus-sokol na kanope. To naznačuje, že tieto obrazce
    boli pôvodne egyptské a premenili sa na meno hviezdy až v neskoršej epoche,
    aby pripomínali zastarané súhvezdia.
    
    ### Zdroje
    
    <p>Táto <em>kultúra oblohy</em> je mapovaním historických obrazcov na
    hviezdy. Obrazce sú priamo ručne skopírované z digitálnych fotografií, ktoré
    poskytlo múzeum Louvre a <a
    href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zodiaque_de_Denderah_aux_couleurs_d'origine.jpg">farby
    sú hrubou rekonštrukciou Alexandrea N. Isisa (wikicommons, 2013)</a>.</p>
    
    ### Spôsob férového použitia
    
    Táto kultúra oblohy je výsledkom výskumu. Poskytujeme ju zdarma, ale autori
    si určite zaslúžia byť citovaní podľa bežných pravidiel. Ďakujeme!

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Photographs of the Louvre Collection](https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871#)
     - [#2]: Aubourg, E. (1995), ‘La date de conception du zodiaque du temple d’Hathor à Dendera’, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 95, 1–10
     - [#3]: Biot, J.-B. (1846), ‘Mémoire sur le zodiaque circulaire de denderah.’, Mémoires de l’Institutnational de France16(2ème partie), 1–101
     - [#4]: Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2017), Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, Chapter 4.2.2
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2022), Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt), in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (ed.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Vol. 57, tredition, Hamburg
     - [#6]: Steele, John M. (2018), The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations.’, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 18, 4, 97-105
     - [#7]: [wikipedia (some things wrong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_zodiac)
sk:  - [#1]: [Fotografie kolekcie z Louvre](https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871#)
     - [#2]: Aubourg, E. (1995), ‘La date de conception du zodiaque du temple d’Hathor à Dendera’, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 95, 1–10
     - [#3]: Biot, J.-B. (1846), ‘Mémoire sur le zodiaque circulaire de denderah.’, Mémoires de l’Institutnational de France16(2ème partie), 1–101
     - [#4]: Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2017), Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, Chapter 4.2.2
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2022), Preliminary Observations on the Dendera Zodiac (Egypt), in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (ed.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Vol. 57, tredition, Hamburg
     - [#6]: Steele, John M. (2018), The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations.’, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 18, 4, 97-105
     - [#7]: [wikipedia (niektoré fakty nie sú správne)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_zodiac)

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This Greco-Egyptian sky culture was painted and added to Stellarium by:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Written in English: <em>SMH</em></p>
sk: Túto grécko-rímsku kultúru oblohy namaľoval a do Stellaria pridal:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Napísané v angličtine: <em>SMH</em></p>

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Almagest)
sk: Grécka (Almagest)

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This ancient Greek sky culture is compiled in a book that is today known by its Arabic title "Almagest".
    This book was written in Roman time (under the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian) at Alexandria (Africa) in
    Greek language, with dates given in Egyptian month names and years counted after a Babylonian king,
    so it is clearly a multi-cultural compendium of knowledge. It is a compilation of
    astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from
    observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius
    Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written
    in Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main
    astronomical work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written
    with the title <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.
    The name <i>Almagest</i>, meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was
    developed from Arabian translations. To create this sky culture we used
    the English translation by Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details
    (e.g. using more literal translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that
    are common today) and we made use of computer readable tables prepared
    by Ernie Wright.</p>
sk: <p>Táto staroveká grécka kultúra hviezdnej oblohy je zostavená z knihy, ktorá
    je dnes známa pod svojím arabským menom "Almagest". Bola napísaná v
    Alexandrii (Afrika) v gréčtine počas rímskeho obdobia (vlády cisára
    Hadriána) a s dátumami udanými v egyptských mesiacoch a rokoch počítaných od
    babylonského kráľa. Takže ide o naozaj multikultúrnu zbierku vedomostí. Je
    to kompilácia astronomického poznania dávnych astronómov, vrátane výsledkov
    pozorovaní a matematickej astronómie. Zostavená bola Claudiom Ptolemaiom,
    ktorý použil staršie, ako aj svoje vlastné pozorovania. Bola napísaná v
    gréčtine, vydaná v druhom storočí a po 1500 rokov ostala hlavnou
    astronomickou publikáciou. Pôvodne bola napísaná v starej gréčtine ako
    <i>Mathematiké Syntaxis</i>. Meno <i>Almagest</i>, znamená &ldquo;Najväčšia
    [kniha]&rdquo; a vzniklo z arabských prekladov. Na vytvorenie tejto kultúry
    oblohy sme použili anglický preklad od Toomera (1984), prepracovali niektoré
    detaily (napr. viac doslovné preklady gréckych namiesto latinských výrazov,
    ktoré sú dnes bežnejšie) a využili sme strojovo čitateľné tabuľky pripravené
    Erniem Wrightom.</p>

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Written in English: the authors
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy zostavili a do Stellaria pridali: Alina Schmidtová, Lea
    Jabschinská, Marie von Seggernová a Susanne M. Hoffmannová:
    service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    napísané v angličtine: autori

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture name
en: Greek (Dante)
sk: Grécka (Danteho)

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Dante Alighieri mentions several stars and a few constellations: predominantly, the zodiacal constellation of Gemini. The Twins occurs in his texts (in the comedia as well as his poems). As Dante is not an astronomer but a person with broad knowledge, his view of the constellations is highly like not based upon observations of the sky but on manuscripts that he read. Therefore, we chose to take the zodiacal constellation images from Michael Scotus whose manuscript was very popular in Dante's time.
    
    Dante Alighieri was a citizen of Florence, Italy, who was later banned and lived at several places in Northern Italy. The comedia was written around 1300 but finished only short before his death in 1321. It is commonly assumed that the story plays in around the Christian festival of Easter in 1300 CE.
sk: Dante Alighieri spomína viaceré hviezdy a pár súhvezdí: najčastejšie súhvezdie zvieratníka Blíženci. V jeho textoch (v Komédii, ale aj básňach) sa Dvojičky často objavujú. Keďže Dante nebol astronóm, len rozhľadeným človekom, jeho pohľad na súhvezdia pravdepodobne nie je založený na pozorovaniach oblohy, ale skôr na rukopisoch, ktoré čítal. Preto sme sa rozhodli použiť obrázky súhvezdí od Michaela Scotusa, ktorého rukopis bol v Danteho dobe veľmi populárny.
    
    Dante Alighieri bol mešťanom z Florencie v Taliansku, ktorého z nej neskôr vyhostili a pobýval na rôznych miestach severného Talianska. Komédiu napísal okolo r. 1300, ale dokončil ju až krátko pred smrťou v r. 1321. Všeobecne sa predpokladá, že dej sa odohráva okolo kresťanského sviatku Veľkej noci v roku 1300 n. l.

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### How this Sky Culture was made
    
    The Dante experts of the German Dante Society selected some text passages with astronomical references in order to present them at Planetarium Jena in the dome. Professor Blume's suggestion that Dante likely had Michael Scotus's drawings of the constellations in mind was accepted. Therefore, we copied these drawings and mapped them onto the stars. The "16" bright stars that are mentioned by Dante are usually interpreted by romanists as the stars of first magnitude in the Almagest. Therefore, these stars where highlighted with the "star"-symbol in Stellarium. Additionally, we painted a chariot (wagon) and a horn.
    
    Dante calls the seven bright stars of Ursa Major "The Chariot", the constellation of Ursa Minor "The Horn", and possibly refers to Corona Borealis when he mentions a ring of stars. The latter interpretation is in our view unlikely but is discussed among researchers which is why we marked the stars of Corona Borealis as it is described in the Almagest.
sk: ### Ako sme pripravili túto kultúru oblohy?
    
    Experti na Danteho z Nemeckej spoločnosti Danteho vybrali niekoľko častí textu s astronomickými odkazmi, aby ich predstavili v kupole planetária v Jene. Prijali návrh profesora Blumeho, že Dante mal pravdepodobne na mysli kresby súhvezdí Michaela Scotusa. Preto sme tieto kresby skopírovali a zmapovali na hviezdy. "16" jasných hviezd, ktoré spomína Dante sú romanistami zvyčajne považované za hviezdy prvej magnitúdy v Almageste. Preto sú v Stellariu zvýraznené symbolom hviezdy. K tomu sme ešte primaľovali voz a roh.
    
    Dante nazýva sedem jasných hviezd Veľkej medvedice "Vozom", súhvezdie Malého medveďa "Rohom" a možno má na mysli Severnú korunu, keď spomína prstenec hviezd. Táto posledná interpretácia je podľa nás nepravdepodobná, ale aj tak je medzi vedcami diskutovaná. Preto sme označili hviezdy Severnej koruny tak, ako boli popísané v Almageste.

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture references section in markdown format
en: The Italian Dante Society (Societá Dantesca Italiana) provides Dante's work online: [Dante_Online](https://danteonline.it/opere/index.php).
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
    
    Susanne M Hoffmann, Dieter Blume, Karl Ph. Ellerbrock, Eduardo Castadura, Bodo Zöll (2022)
sk: Talianska spoločnosť Danteho (Societá Dantesca Italiana) poskytuje jeho diela online: [Dante_Online](https://danteonline.it/opere/index.php).
    
    ### Spôsob férového použitia
    
    Túto kultúru oblohy poskytujeme zdarma, ale autori si zaslúžia byť citovaní podľa bežných pravidiel. Ďakujeme!
    
    Susanne M Hoffmann, Dieter Blume, Karl Ph. Ellerbrock, Eduardo Castadura, Bodo Zöll (2022)

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) as a byproduct of a collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany), The German Dante Society (Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft) and Planetarium Jena.
    
    Written in English: Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    
    ### Notes
    
    Region of origin: Florence, Italy; this single sky culture was made for use in research.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy do Stellaria pridala Susanne M. Hoffmannová (service@uhura-uraniae.com) a pôvodne ju vytvorila v spolupráci s prof. dr. Dieterom Blumem (Art History, FSU Jena, Nemecko) pre Nemeckú spoločnosť Danteho (Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft) planetárium v Jene.
    
    Napísané v angličtine: Susanne M. Hoffmannová.
    
    ### Poznámky
    
    Miesto pôvodu: Florencia, Taliansko; táto kultúra oblohy bola vytvorená pre použitie vo výskume.

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Farnese + Almagest)
sk: Grécka (Farnese + Almagest)

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model, which itself has not survived.
sk: Táto staroveká Grécka kultúra oblohy je založená na mramorovom glóbuse sochy
    Atlasa vo Villa Farnese (Neapol). Socha sa datuje do 2. stor. n.l., t.j. do
    čias Ríma. No ide o kópiu staršieho gréckeho diela, ktoré sa nezachovalo.

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "latitude circles" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles provide a four-way division in "longitude circles". Ancient globe makers used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings.
    
    The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic representations speak against it.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/Atlas_(Farnese_Globe).jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i></p>
    
    Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of the dragon are missing.
    
    ### How was this Sky Culture made?
    
    The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to point coordinates), this was done here "by eye" - just as by the historical stonemason.
    
    The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was written in Greek as scientific literature.
    
    The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar distortions in the Scorpion.
    
    The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Abbreviation</b></td>
    		<td><b>Original Name</b></td>
    		<td><b>Translation</b> (literally)</td>
    		<td><b>Picture</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Little She-Bear</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Great She-Bear</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Dra</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dragon</td>
    		<td>only the head and one bend are depicted<br /><img width="255" src="illustrations/dra_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>King Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ploughing Man</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/boo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Wreath</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/crb_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Her</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kneeler</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/her_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lyre (a Greek instrument)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bird [not specified]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Queen Kassiepeia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Perseus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/per_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aur</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Charioteer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aur_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Oph + Ser</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Snake Carrier, Snake</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/oph_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sge</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Arrow</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aql</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Eagle</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Del</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dolphin</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/del_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Equ</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bust [of a horse]</td>
    		<td>missing (stars belong to Dolphin)</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Horse [unnamed]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>And</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Princess Andromeda</td>
    		<td><img width="355" src="illustrations/and_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Tri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Triangle</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ram</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ari_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bull</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    		<td>Twins</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Cancer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Young Lady</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lib</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    		<td>Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Scorpion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cap</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>the One with Horns of a Goat</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water-Pourer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Two Fishes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cet</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Sea Monster</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Orion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Eri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>River [unnamed]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/eri.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td><notr>Lep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hare</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dog</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cma_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>The asterism before the Dog</td>
    		<td>missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Arg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/arg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hya + Crt + Crv</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho; + &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    		<td>Watersnake + Crater + Raven</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kentauros</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cen_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Monster</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ara_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CrA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Wreath</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cra_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Fish</td>
    		<td>missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    </table></p>
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
sk: Mramorový glóbus nesie len obrazce, žiadne hviezdy. Má priemer asi 65
    cm. Obrazce neboli zoradené podľa presných súradníc, ale do mriežky:
    ekliptika, nebeský rovník a obratníky nám poskytujú aspoň nejaký zmysel
    orientácie v "šírkových kružniciach" na nebeskej sfére, kým kružnice kolúrov
    poskytujú delenie do štyroch "dĺžkových kružníc". Starovekí autori glóbusov
    používali túto hrubú mriežku na prispôsobenie kresieb obrazcov.
    
    Obrazce na glóbuse preto jasne ukazujú, že sochár, ktorý ho vytvoril, mal na
    mysli populárnu didaktickú báseň od Arata zo Soloi (~300 p.n.l.). Nie je
    žiadny dôvod na tvrdenie (často nafúknuté popularizátormi vedy), že
    mramorový glóbus bol vytesaný podľa Hipparchovho hviezdneho katalógu. Tento
    názor sa opakovane vracia ostatných ~200 rokov, ale je pravidelne
    vyvrátený. Proti nemu hovoria nielen matematické argumenty, ale aj umelecké
    stvárnenia.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/Atlas_(Farnese_Globe).jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Fotografia zrekonštruovanej sochy Farneseho Atlas (Gabriel Seah, CC
    BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i></p>
    
    Zachovalo sa len torzo muža so zlomenými lakťami: všetko pod pásom bolo
    moderne nahradené. V tejto podobe je socha vysoká 2,1 m. Glóbus so
    súhvezdiami, ktorý je pre nás dôležitý, je originál, ale má na severnom póle
    veľké diery - pravdepodobne tu bol ukotvený k iným architektonickým
    častiam. Preto chýbajú cirkumpolárne súhvezdia dvoch medvedíc a časť draka.
    
    ### Ako sme pripravili túto kultúru oblohy?
    
    Ilustrácie jednotlivých obrazcov boli z glóbusu prekopírované
    ceruzkou. Stellarium pracuje s bodovými súradnicami moderného katalógu
    HIPPARCOS (získanými astrometrickou družicou), takže všetky historické
    obrázky museli byť zafixované v troch bodoch (hviezdach). Pretože to občas
    viedlo k skresleniu historických obrazcov (mramorový glóbus nie je dokonalá
    guľa, obrazce tak neboli upevnené podľa bodových súradníc), napravili sme to
    "od oka" - presne ako historický sochár.
    
    Mená súhvezdí a jednotlivých hviezd sme zobrali z katalógu Almagest, ktorý
    sa tiež datuje do 2. storočia (t.j. za vlády Rímskeho cisára Hadriána) a -
    ako bolo v tej dobe zvykom - bol napísaný v gréčtine, ako vedecká
    literatúra.
    
    Mramorový glóbus bol dekoráciou v budove, pravdepodobne kapitálne
    prepracovaný. Nemá vedeckú presnosť. Preto sa niektoré reliéfne kresby líšia
    od presných polôh hviezd z katalógu: napr. Blíženci (Gemini) sú mierne na
    stranu, aby bol obrazec ukázaný celý, aj keď spodná časť súhvezdia by bola
    zakrytá rukou sochy Atlasa. Podobné skreslenia sú aj v Škorpiónovi.
    
    Nasledujúca tabuľka udáva zoznam originálnych gréckych mien súhvezdí v
    stĺpcoch 2 a 3, a v stĺpci 4 je obrázok na glóbuse.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Skratka</b></td>
    		<td><b>Pôvodné meno</b></td>
    		<td><b>Preklad</b> (priamy)</td>
    		<td><b>Obrázok</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>UMi</td>
    		<td>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Malá medvedica</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>UMa</td>
    		<td>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Veľká medvedica</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Dra</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Drak</td>
    		<td>zobrazená len hlava a jeden ohyb<br /><img width="255" src="illustrations/dra_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cep</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Kráľ Kefeus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Boo</td>
    		<td>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Oráč</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/boo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CrB</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Veniec</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/crb_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Her</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Kľakadlo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/her_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lyr</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Lýra (grécky nástroj)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cyg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vták [neurčitý]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cas</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Kráľovná Kassiepeia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Per</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Perseus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/per_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aur</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vozataj</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aur_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Oph + Ser</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Hadonos, Had</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/oph_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sge</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Šíp</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aql</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Orol</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Del</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Delfín</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/del_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Equ</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</td>
    		<td>Hruď [koňa]</td>
    		<td>chýba (hviezdy patria Delfínovi)</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Peg</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Kôň [bezmenný]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>And</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Princezná Androméda</td>
    		<td><img width="355" src="illustrations/and_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Tri</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Trojuholník</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ari</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Baran</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ari_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Tau</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Býk</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Gem</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</td>
    		<td>Dvojičky</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cnc</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cancer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Leo</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Lev</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Vir</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Panna</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lib</td>
    		<td>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</td>
    		<td>Klepetá [škorpióna nesúce Váhy]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sco</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Škorpión</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sgr</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Lukostrelec (dve nohy: toto je satyr Krotón, nie kentaur Chirón)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cap</td>
    		<td>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Ten s kozými rohami</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aqr</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vodolej</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Psc</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Dve ryby</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cet</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Morská obluda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ori</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Orion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Eri</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Rieka [bezmenná]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/eri.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td>Lep</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Zajac</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CMa</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Pes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cma_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CMi</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>asterizmus pred Psom</td>
    		<td>chýba [zakryté rukou Atlasa]</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Arg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</td>
    		<td>Loď &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/arg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Hya + Crt + Crv</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho; + &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</td>
    		<td>Vodný had + Pohár + Havran</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cen</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Kentauros</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cen_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lup</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Obluda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ara</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Oltár</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ara_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CrA</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Južný veniec</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cra_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>PsA</td>
    		<td>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Južná ryba</td>
    		<td>chýba [zakryté plecom Atlasa]</td>
    	</tr>
    </table></p>
    
    ### Spôsob férového použitia
    
    Túto kultúru oblohy poskytujeme zdarma, ale autori si zaslúžia byť citovaní
    podľa bežných pravidiel. Ďakujeme!

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com).
    
    Written in English: the author.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy do Stellaria pridala Susanne M. Hoffmannová
    (service@uhura-uraniae.com).
    
    Napísané v angličtine: autor.

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)
sk: Grécka (Leidenská Aratea + Almagest)

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden (Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife).
    
    The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz (Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by 20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations.
sk: Toto je rukopis z karolovského obdobia, z ktorého sú doposiaľ známe dve
    kópie. Jedna sa našla v Metzi (Francúzsko), druhá v Leidene
    (Holadnsko). Datuje sa do vlády karolovského kráľa Ľudovíta I. Pobožného
    (778-840), ktorý mohol sám byť patrónom (alebo jeho manželka).
    
    Rukopis pravdepodobne vytvorili okolo rokov 816-825 v Aachene alebo Metzi
    (Lotrinsko) a bol vyhotovený z takých drahých materiálov, že sa predpokladá
    kráľovský sponzor. Pozostáva z 99 listov pergamenu, z ktorých každý meria
    22,5 x 20,0 cm (t.j. približne štvorec s šírkou papiera A4). Okrem
    grafických znázornení obežných dráh planét a iných didaktických nákresov
    obsahuje aj 35 celostránkových miniatúr zobrazujúcich staroveké postavy
    súhvezdí.

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay discusses her proposed identifications in detail.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Aratea fol. 3v und 4r.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i></p>
    
    ### How this Sky Culture was made
    
    The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications). Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was possible.
    
     In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts (e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark colours) is shown in the table below.
    
    There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup, Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.
    Both, Virgo and Centaur are probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).
    The artist of the Leiden Aratea never mapped the images onto the stars.
    In order to make these depictions understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from the Almagest.
    The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.
    Both, the Almagest and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork.
    
    The following table lists the original names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the manuscript.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b></td>
    		<td><b>Original Greek Name</b></td>
    		<td><b>Translation</b> (literally)</td>
    		<td><b>Picture</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ursa Minor, Ursa Maior, Draco<br />UMi, UMa, Dra</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_dra.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>King Cepheus, Cep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Bootes, Boo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_boo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Northern Crown, CrB</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_crB.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hercules, Her</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)<br />The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees are the same.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_her.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lyra, Lyr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lyre</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lyr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cygnus, Cyg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bird [not specified]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cyg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cassiopeia, Cas</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Queen Kassiepeia </td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cas.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Perseus, Per</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Perseus<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_per.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Auriga, Aur</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Charioteer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aur.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquila et Sagitta,<br />Aql </notr>and<notr> Sge</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf; </notr>and<notr> &#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Eagle with Arrow</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aql.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Delphinus, Del</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dolphin <br /> In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe) depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_del.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Pegasus, Peg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_peg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Andromeda, And</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Princess Andromeda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_and.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Triangulum, Tri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Triangle</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aries, Ari</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ram<br />(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was in spring).</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ari.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Taurus, Tau</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bull</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tau.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>M45, </notr>Pleiades</td>
    		<td></td>
    		<td>The Pleiades<br />or Seven Sisters</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_plei.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Gemini, Gem</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    		<td>Twins</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_gem.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cancer, Cnc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Cancer<br /><i>The cancer was lightened.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cnc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Leo, Leo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lion<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_leo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Virgo, Vir</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Young Lady<br />Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing.</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Libra, Lib</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    		<td>Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in a style epoch of Babylonian revival),
    		<br />Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)<br />The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area.</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ophiuchus et Serpens, Scorpius,<br />Oph + Ser </notr>and<notr> Sco</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf; </notr>and<notr> &Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_oph.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sagittarius, Sgr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Archer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_sgr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Capricornus, Cap</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>The Goat-Horned One</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cap.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquarius, Aqr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water Pourer<br />mirrored depiction (although front view)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aqr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Pisces, Psc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Fishes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cetus, Cet</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>a Sea Monster named Cetus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cet.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Orion, Ori</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Orion<br /><i>mirrored depiction</i><br />The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from his own single-page painting.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ori.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Eridanus, Eri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);<br />here a river god is depicted</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_eri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td><notr>Lepus, Lep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hare<br /><i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare between Orion's legs.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Canis Maior, CMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dog<br />mirrored depiction of a little dog</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cma.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Canis Minor (Procyon), CMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>The star in front of the dog <br /> mirrored depiction<br />(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always "Prokyon"). Procyon is a Greek term (with "k") latinized.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cmi.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Argo, Arg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_arg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hydra, Crater, Corvus<br />Hya, Crt, Crv</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;, &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_hya.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Centaurus, Cen</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kentauros<br />apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted<br />(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lupus, Lup</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>monster<br />(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is missing here).</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ara, Ara</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ara.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Corona Australis, CrA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Piscis Austrinus, PsA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Fish<br />(had been "Great Fish" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)<br />It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of the original red-purple one.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psA.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    </table>
    </p>
sk: Obrazce sú kreslené podľa nezachovanej rímskej predlohy, ale nie z glóbusu,
    takže ku hviezdam nepasujú. Samotné hviezdy sú na obrázkoch rozložené len
    symbolicky, t.j. počet hviezd v obrazci je zaznačený v rukopise vo forme
    zlatých lístkov. Tieto však nie sú uložené na skutočných pozíciách hviezd na
    oblohe, iba sú zbežne naznačené. Elly Deckerová v práci detailne diskutuje o
    jej návrhu identifikácie.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Aratea fol. 3v und 4r.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Ukážka stránky zo stredovekého rukopisu zobrazuje tri obrazce Draco, Ursa
    Maior a Ursa Minor s textom oproti.</i></p>
    
    ### Ako sme pripravili túto kultúru oblohy?
    
    Ilustrácie jednotlivých obrazcov boli priamo vzaté z rukopisu (dodané
    prof. D. Blumem, Jena, pre použitie v planetáriu). Stellarium pracuje s
    bodovými súradnicami katalógu astrometrickej družice HIPPARCOS, takže museli
    byť historické obrazce fixované tromi bodmi. Niektoré z plochých knižných
    ilustrácií museli byť pre kupolu planetária mierne skreslené, aby
    korešpondovali s hviezdami. Približná úprava bola možná až na ilustrácie
    Škorpióna a Hadonosa.
    
     V kupole planetária, t.j. proti tmavému pozadiu, nebolo možné rozoznať
    tmavomodré a čierne časti rukopisu. Preto boli (napr. obrazec raka, rohy
    kozoroha, kozy povozníka...) farebne invertované. Medvedice, ktoré by mali
    byť tmavé, boli len jemne posunuté do červenej. V spodnom obrázku vidieť,
    ako tieto obrazce vyzerali v origináli na lazuritovom pozadí a v tmavých
    farbách.
    
    Niektoré súhvezdia Leidenskej Aratey, najmä Cen + Lup, Vir, Lib, zanechávajú
    veľké medzery na oblohe. Panna a Kentaur pravdepodobne neboli nakreslené,
    pretože si maliar mohol myslieť, že ide o varianty obrázkov Sgr (Cen) a And
    (Vir). Umelec z Leiedenskej Aratey nikdy nemapoval orazce na hviezdy. Aby
    sme ich dokázali pochopiť, namapovala som ich do Stellaria a pridala mená,
    paličkové obrazce súhvezdí a mená jednotlivých hviezd z Almagestu. Almagest
    je kniha matematickej astronómie z 2. storočia (t.j. z vlády rímskeho cisára
    Hadriána), kým Aratova báseň popisuje oveľa staršiu (~300 p.n.l.) grécku
    kultúru oblohy. Spolu s Almagestom boli napísané pôvodne po grécky, ale
    Leidenská Aratea pravdepodobne odkazuje na latinský preklad Aratovej básne a
    rímske kresby.
    
    Nasledujúca tabuľka udáva zoznam originálnych mien súhvezdí v stĺpcoch 2 a
    3, a v stĺpci 4 je ilustrácia z rukopisu.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Latinský názov, skratka</b></td>
    		<td><b>Pôvodný grécky názov</b></td>
    		<td><b>Preklad</b> (priamy)</td>
    		<td><b>Obrázok</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ursa Minor, Ursa Maior, Draco<br />UMi, UMa, Dra</notr></td>
    		<td>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Malá medvedica, Veľká medvedica, Drak (latinský) / Had (grécky)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_dra.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>King Cepheus, Cep</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Kefeus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Bootes, Boo</td>
    		<td>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Povozník (latinský), Oráč (grécky)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_boo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Northern Crown, CrB</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Koruna (latinský), Veniec (grécky)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_crB.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Hercules, Her</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Herkules (latinský), Kľačiaci (grécky)<br />Hviezda medzi nohami je dobre známa chyba na obrázku: kreslič očividne vzal
    za model Pastiera; poloha nôh, pastierska palica (namiesto Herkulovho
    kyjaku) a hviezda medzi kolenami sú rovnaké.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_her.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lyra, Lyr</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Lýra</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lyr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cygnus, Cyg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vták [neurčitý]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cyg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cassiopeia, Cas</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Kráľovná Kassiepeia </td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cas.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Perseus, Per</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Perseus<br />zrkadlové zobrazenie</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_per.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Auriga, Aur</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vozataj</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aur.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquila et Sagitta,<br />Aql </notr>a Sge</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf; a &#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Orol so šípom</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aql.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Delphinus, Del</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Delfín <br /> V gréckom orignáli (Aratos, ~300 p.n.l.) nebolo žiadne súhvezdie
    Koník. Farneseho glóbus (rovnako aj Mainzský glóbus a Kugel glóbus)
    zobrazujú značne veľkého Delfína, zaberajúceho miesto aj Koníkovi. Preto som
    nasledovala túto Aratovskú tradíciu aj pre kultúru Leidenská Aratea.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_del.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Pegasus, Peg</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Pegas (meno okrídleného koňa; latinský), Kôň (grécky)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_peg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Andromeda, And</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Princezná Androméda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_and.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Triangulum, Tri</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Trojuholník</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aries, Ari</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Baran<br />(skáčuci cez kruh, čo je symbol pre rok; rímsky nový rok bol na jar).</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ari.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Taurus, Tau</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Býk</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tau.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>M45, Plejády</td>
    		<td></td>
    		<td>Plejády<br />alebo Sedem sestier</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_plei.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Gemini, Gem</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</td>
    		<td>Dvojičky</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_gem.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cancer, Cnc</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cancer<br /><i>Rak bol zosvetlený.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cnc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Leo, Leo</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Lev<br />zrkadlové zobrazenie</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_leo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Virgo, Vir</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Panna<br />Zdá sa, že rukopis obsahuje len jednu kresbu pre obrazce, ktoré sú
    znázornené dvakrát: Strelec je zobrazený ako kentaur a súhvezdie Kentaur
    chýba, Androméda je namaľovaná ako mladá deva, ale druhá deva pre súhvezdie
    Panna chýba.</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Libra, Lib</td>
    		<td>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</td>
    		<td>Váhy (latinský, od 1. stor. n.l. u Gemina a Manilia; prenesené v štýle
    Babylonskej renesancie),
    		<br />Klepetá [škorpióna] (Grécka)<br />Klepetá škorpióna naozaj pokrývajú túto oblasť.</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ophiuchus et Serpens, Scorpius,<br />Oph + Ser </notr>a Sco</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf; a &Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Hadonos a Škorpión (odvtedy obaja v zvieratníku)<br />zrkadlové zobrazenie</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_oph.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sagittarius, Sgr</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Lukostrelec</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_sgr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Capricornus, Cap</td>
    		<td>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Koza rohatá</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cap.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aquarius, Aqr</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vodolej<br />zrkadlové zobrazenie (aj keď z predného pohľadu)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aqr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Pisces, Psc</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Ryby</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cetus, Cet</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Morská obluda zvaná Cetus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cet.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Orion, Ori</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Orion<br /><i>zrkadlové zobrazenie</i><br />Zajac v tomto zobrazení zmazaný a nahradený zajacom z jeho jedno-stránkovej
    maľby.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ori.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Eridanus, Eri</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>rieka Eridanus (latinský), bezmenná Rieka (grécky);<br />tu je zobrazený boh rieky</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_eri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td>Lepus, Lep</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Zajac<br /><i>zobrazený dvakrát: raz medzi nohami Orióna, raz samostatne; pre túto
    vizualizáciu sme odstránili zajaca spomedzi nôh Orióna. Samostatne
    nakreslený zajac beží v smere písania, ale zajac medzi nohami Orióna beží v
    smere skutočného pohybu Slnka. Preto by sa na obrazec súhvezdia malo pozerať
    ako zrkadlovo obrátený, oproti ilustrácii v knihe: toto je možné vidieť aj
    na kresbe zajaca medzi nohami Orióna.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Canis Maior, CMa</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Pes<br />zrkadlové zobrazenie malého psa</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cma.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Canis Minor (Procyon), CMi</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Hviezda pred psom <br /> zrkadlové zobrazenie<br />(asterizmus troch hviezd tvoriacich malého psa spomínal už Eratostenés, ale
    názov obrazca bol stále "Prokyón"). Procyon je latinizovaný termín gréckeho
    slova (s "k").</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cmi.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Argo, Arg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</td>
    		<td>Loď &quot;Argo&quot;<br />zrkadlové zobrazenie</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_arg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hydra, Crater, Corvus<br />Hya, Crt, Crv</notr></td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;, &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</td>
    		<td>Vodný had, Nádoba (Pohár), Havran</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_hya.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Centaurus, Cen</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Kentauros<br />zdá sa, že dvojité súhvezdia boli namaľované len raz: Strelec zobrazený v
    rukopise ako kentaur, súhvezdie Kentaur (kentaurus s obetným zvieraťom) nie
    je zobrazený<br />(rovnako, Androméda zobrazená, ale nie Panna)</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lupus, Lup</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>obluda<br />(v gréckom origináli (Aratos, ~300 p.m.l.) nebol Vlk samostatné súhvezdie,
    ale časť súhvezdia Kentaur, ktoré tu chýba).</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ara, Ara</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Oltár</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ara.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Corona Australis, CrA</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Južná koruna (latinský), Južný veniec (grécky)</td>
    		<td>chýba</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Piscis Austrinus, PsA</td>
    		<td>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Južná ryba<br />("Veľká ryba" pre Eratostenésa a Arata v Gréckej kultúre) <br />Je tak tmavo nakreslená, že nedokážete rozoznať hviezdy. Preto sme posunuli
    farby do modro-zelenej schémy namiesto do pôvodnej červeno-fialovej.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psA.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    </table>
    </p>

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium Jena.
    
    Written in English: the authors
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy do Stellaria pridala Susanne M. Hoffmannová
    (service@uhura-uraniae.com) a pôvodne ju vytvorila v spolupráci s
    prof. dr. Dieterom Blumem (Art History, FSU Jena, Nemecko) pre planetárium v
    Jene.
    
    Napísané v angličtine: autori

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture name
en: Hawaiian Starlines
sk: Havajské spojnice hviezd

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing the sky into four evenly sized star lines.
sk: Toto sú spojnice hviezd, ktoré vyvinul Nainoa Thompson, používané Polynézskou cestovateľskou spoločnosťou na navigovanie kánoí s plachtou s použitím tradičných techník navigácie bez prístrojov cez tisícky míľ otvoreného oceánu. Počas mnohých rokov si havajskí navigátori zapamätali polohy hviezd pri ich východe a západe, aby vedeli svoj kurz.  Hľadač cesty Nainoa Thompson vyvinul systém triedenia, aby tak pomohol v zapamätaní si polôh hviezd na nebeskej sfére, tak, že rozdelil oblohu na štyri rovnako veľké hviezdne spojnice.

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  The *master navigator* behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from 2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for practicing Polynesian navigation.
    
    The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork by Kealoha Kaneakua.
sk:  Za touto kultúrou oblohy stojí *majster navigátor* Mau Piailug zo Satawal, ktorý naučil polynézske umenie nebeskej navigácie Nainou Thompsona, ktorý vytvoril túto verziu kultúry oblohy, ktorá bola v 2013-17 použitá Havajčanmi na plavbe okolo sveta počas Malama Honua - cesty polynézskeho kánoe Hokule’a. Navigátori Hokule’a použili Stellarium ako nástroj. Táto kultúra oblohy slúži ako nástroj pre praktizovanie polynézskej navigácie.
    
    Technické prevedenie tejto kultúry hviezdnej oblohy bolo pridané v 2017 učiteľmi Darrenom Kamaluom a Christopherom Blakeom, študentami Jonahom Apom, Nicholasom Koanui, Brendenom Aila a triedou Nebeskej navigácie na Kamehamehovej škole Kapalama, Honolulu, Havaj. Obrázky: Kealoha Kaneakua.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture name
en: Indian Vedic
sk: Indická védska

note: Indian Vedic sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to Nakṣatra-s.
sk: Védska kultúra oblohy s niektorými bežne známymi súhvezdiami súvisiacimi s Nakṣatra.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Contributors from the [sanskrit-coders community](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (esp [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/)).
sk:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Prispievatelia z [komunity sanskritských programátorov](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (hlavne [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/).)

note: Inuit sky culture name
en: Inuit
sk: Inuitská

note: Inuit sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book [#1].
    
    Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridala *Karrie Berglundová* z Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. založenú hlavne na knihe **Severská obloha: Inuitská astronómia, hviezdne tradície a legendy**[#1] od Johna MacDonalda.
    
    Ilustrácie urobil Johan Meuris.

note: Inuit sky culture license section in markdown format
en: Text and data: GNU GPL v2.0
    
    Illustrations: Free Art License
sk: Text a dáta: GNU GPL v2.0
    
    Ilustrácie: Free Art License

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture name
en: Japanese Yasui Map
sk: Japonská mapa Yasui

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and the "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each of the talismanic animals the celestial "palaces" were seven *sei shuku* or what are sometimes called "lunar lodges". The moon "stations" or "lodges" probably may be used to determine position of sun and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are obscure and even controversial.
sk: Väčšina astronomických pozorovaní v Japonsku sa, až do reforiem Meidži, úzko týkala astrologických dôvodov. Pre starovekých čínskych, a neskôr kórejských a japonských kartografov, boli štyri ročné obdobia a štyri svetové strany označené ako štyri talizmanové zvieratá - Azúrový drak východu (jar), Červený vták juhu (leto), Biely tiger západu (jeseň) a "Genbu" (čierna korytnačka) severu (zima). Ku každému talizmanovému zvieraťu patrilo sedem *sej šuku* - nebeských "palácov", alebo (ako sa niekedy nazývajú) "mesačných lóží". Mesačné "zastavenia" alebo "lóže" sa pravdepodobne používali na určenie polohy Slnka a planét, ako aj Mesiaca, a ich počet mohol (ale nemusel) súvisieť s periódou mesačnej orbity. Pôvod týchto asociácií je hmlistý a dokonca kontroverzný.

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star "palaces" together with the associated 28 *sei shuku* or lunar lodges represent some of the most complex aspects of Asian "astronomy". An apparent anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but it does not really explain the apparent "backward" motion of the sun through seasons.
    
    According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the handle of the big dipper (often called the "North Seven Stars" in China, Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not appear to set, because they had a relatively "higher" position than now.
    
    Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather complex.
    
    The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature.
    
    Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations*
    
    ### The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "East" or "Blue Dragon".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>1</notr>|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner|<notr>&alpha; Vir</notr>|<notr>SuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>2</notr>|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Neck, Throat|<notr>&kappa; Vir</notr>|<notr>AmiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>3</notr>|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base|<notr>&iota; Lib; </notr>sometimes<notr> &alpha; Lib</notr>|<notr>TomoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>4</notr>|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Chamber, perhaps Breasts|<notr>&delta; Sco; </notr>sometimes<notr> &pi; Sco</notr>|<notr>SoiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>5</notr>|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Heart|<notr>&sigma; Sco</notr>|<notr>NakagoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>6</notr>|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Tail|<notr>&mu; Sco</notr>|<notr>AshitareBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>7</notr>|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Basket|<notr>&gamma; Sgr; </notr>sometimes<notr> &eta; Sgr</notr>|<notr>MiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "North" (Genbu) or "Black Tortoise of Winter" (also "Somber" or "Black" Warrior).
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>8</notr>|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Dipper; Measure|<notr>&phi; Sgr</notr>|<notr>HikitsuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>9</notr>|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Cow|<notr>&beta; Cap</notr>|<notr>InamiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>10</notr>|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid|<notr>&epsilon; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UrukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>11</notr>|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Emptiness|<notr>&beta; Aqr</notr>|<notr>TomiteBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>12</notr>|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep|<notr>&alpha; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UmiyameBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>13</notr>|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Room, perhaps Encampment|<notr>&alpha; Peg</notr>|<notr>HatsuiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>14</notr>|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Wall|<notr>&gamma; Peg</notr>|<notr>NamameBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The White Tiger of the West (Fall)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "West" or "White Tiger".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>15</notr>|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Stride, Foot|<notr>&delta; And</notr>|<notr>TokakiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>16</notr>|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows|<notr>&beta; Ari</notr>|<notr>TataraBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>17</notr>|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Stomach|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>EkieBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>18</notr>|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Stopping Place, United; perhaps "Getting Together"|<notr>17 Tau; </notr>sometimes<notr> 16 Tau</notr>|<notr>SubaruBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>19</notr>|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Net; perhaps related to Rain|<notr>&epsilon; Tau</notr>|<notr>AmefuriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>20</notr>|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head|   |<notr>TorokiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>21</notr>|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Investigator, Three|<notr>&delta; Ori; </notr>sometimes<notr> &beta; Ori</notr>|<notr>KagasukiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The Red Bird of the South (Summer)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "South" or "Red Bird".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>22</notr>|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Well|<notr>&mu; Gem</notr>|<notr>ChichiriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>23</notr>|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost|<notr>&delta; Cnc; </notr>sometimes<notr> &theta; Cnc</notr>|<notr>TamahomeBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>24</notr>|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Willow|<notr>&delta; Hya</notr>|<notr>NurikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>25</notr>|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Stars|<notr>&alpha; Hya</notr>|<notr>HotohoriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>26</notr>|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Stretched Net|<notr>&nu; Hya</notr>|<notr>ChirikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>27</notr>|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Wings|<notr>&alpha; Crt</notr>|<notr>TasukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>28</notr>|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto|<notr>&gamma; Crv</notr>|<notr>MitsukakeBoshi</notr>|
sk: Určenie talizmanových zvierat a zodpovedajúcich hviezdnych "palácov", spolu s príslušnými 28 *sej šuku* alebo mesačnými lóžami, predstavuje jeden z najkomplexnejších aspektov ázijskej "astronómie". Zdanlivou anomáliou je fakt, že skutočná trasa Slnka sa pohybuje opačným smerom, ako asociácie jari a jesene. Niektorí vedci si myslia, že je to kvôli zvieratám a sej šuku boli vytvorené pred 17-18 tisíc rokmi (anomáliu vytvorila precesia). Toto ale nevysvetľuje zdanlivý "spiatočný" pohyb Slnka ročnými obdobiami.
    
    Podľa niektorých vedcov sa talizmanové zvieratá s príslušnými sej šuku používali v spojení so smerom, ktorým Veľký voz (v Čine, Kórei a Japonsku často označovaný za "Sedem severných hviezd") ukazuje na rovnodennosti a slnovraty. V predkresťanskom období, kedy boli sej šuku vytvorené, sa zdalo, že Veľký voz nezapadá, pretože mal relatívne "vyššiu" polohu, než dnes.
    
    Podobne ako mýty a tradície v západných kultúrach, aj tieto názory si držia vplyv na dennodenný život ľudí v Číne, Kórei a Japonsku (napriek výrazne vysokej vedeckej gramotnosti). Treba však vypichnúť, že astrologické veštenie v Číne, Kórei a Japonsku bolo a je značne komplexné.
    
    Tradície týkajúce sa mesačných zastavení sú jedným z najzaujímavejších aspektov ázijskej etnoastronómie. Ich japonská interpretácia sa odvíja od poľnohospodárskych potrieb a animistického pohľadu na prírodu. Na rozdiel od mnohých západných mýtov a tradícií, majú japonskí bohovia podobu s talizmanovými zvieratami, čo môže byť považované za prejav prírody.
    
    Nižšie je ukážka hviezdnej mapy z obdobia Edo v Japonsku.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Záber z blízka na Jasuiho mapu zobrazujúci prvých 15 mesačných zastavení*
    
    ### Azúrový drak východu (jar)
    
    Sedem mesačných zastavení "východu" alebo "modrého draka".
    
    |#|Čínsky znak|Význam|Kľúčová hviezda|Japonské meno|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|------|---------------|-------------|
    |1|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Roh(y), možno Uhol, alebo Roh|&alpha; Vir|SuBoshi|
    |2|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Krk, Hrdlo|&kappa; Vir|AmiBoshi|
    |3|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Koreň, možno Rameno alebo Podstavec|&iota; Lib; niekedy &alpha; Lib|TomoBoshi|
    |4|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Komnata, možno Prsia|&delta; Sco; niekedy &pi; Sco|SoiBoshi|
    |5|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Srdce|&sigma; Sco|NakagoBoshi|
    |6|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Chvost|&mu; Sco|AshitareBoshi|
    |7|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Kôš|&gamma; Sgr; niekedy &eta; Sgr|MiBoshi|
    
    ### "Genbu" (čierna korytnačka) severu (zima)
    
    Sedem mesačných zastavení "severu" (Genbu) alebo "čiernej korytnačky zimy" (aj "temný" alebo "čierny bojovník").
    
    |#|Čínsky znak|Význam|Kľúčová hviezda|Japonské meno|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|------|---------------|-------------|
    |8|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Naberačka; Meradlo|&phi; Sgr|HikitsuBoshi|
    |9|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Krava|&beta; Cap|InamiBoshi|
    |10|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Žena; možno Komorná|&epsilon; Aqr|UrukiBoshi|
    |11|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Prázdnota|&beta; Aqr|TomiteBoshi|
    |12|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Strecha, možno Nebezpečenstvo, Strmina|&alpha; Aqr|UmiyameBoshi|
    |13|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Izba, možno Tábor|&alpha; Peg|HatsuiBoshi|
    |14|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Múr|&gamma; Peg|NamameBoshi|
    
    ### Biely tiger západu (jeseň)
    
    Sedem mesačných zastavení "západu" alebo "bieleho tigra".
    
    |#|Čínsky znak|Význam|Kľúčová hviezda|Japonské meno|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|------|---------------|-------------|
    |15|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Krok, Chodidlo|&delta; And|TokakiBoshi|
    |16|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Kopec, Laso; možno Mechy|&beta; Ari|TataraBoshi|
    |17|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Žalúdok|35 Ari|EkieBoshi|
    |18|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Zastávka, Spojenie; možno "Stretnutie sa"|17 Tau; niekedy 16 Tau|SubaruBoshi|
    |19|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Sieť; možno týkajúce sa Dažďa|&epsilon; Tau|AmefuriBoshi|
    |20|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Zobák korytnačky, možno Chochol na hlave sovy|   |TorokiBoshi|
    |21|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Vyšetrovateľ, Trojica|&delta; Ori; niekedy &beta; Ori|KagasukiBoshi|
    
    ### Červený vták juhu (leto)
    
    Sedem mesačných zastavení "juhu" alebo "červeného vtáka".
    
    |#|Čínsky znak|Význam|Kľúčová hviezda|Japonské meno|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|------|---------------|-------------|
    |22|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Studňa|&mu; Gem|ChichiriBoshi|
    |23|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Zlobor, Diabol, možno Duch|&delta; Cnc; niekedy &theta; Cnc|TamahomeBoshi|
    |24|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Vŕba|&delta; Hya|NurikoBoshi|
    |25|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Hviezdy|&alpha; Hya|HotohoriBoshi|
    |26|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Natiahnutá sieť|&nu; Hya|ChirikoBoshi|
    |27|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Krídla|&alpha; Crt|TasukiBoshi|
    |28|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Priečka voza, možno struny Koto|&gamma; Crv|MitsukakeBoshi|

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: <notr>[A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan)</notr> by Steve Renshaw
sk:  - [#1]: [Kultúrna história astronómie v Japonsku](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan) by Steve Renshaw

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture name
en: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi
sk: Kamilarojská/Euahlajiská

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s.
sk: Kamilarojské (tiež známi ako Gomerojské) a Euahlajiské národy sú kultúrne skupiny austrálskych Aborigénov v severných častiach Nového južného Walesu. Prežili inváziu Európanov a stratu veľkej časti svojej krajiny. Ich kultúra a spojenie s krajinou zostáva silné, vrátane rozsiahlej kultúrnej astronómie po prvýkrát zaznamenanej v 60.-tych rokoch 19. storočia.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Background
    
    This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate certain sky objects.
sk: ### Pozadie
    
    Táto kultúra oblohy pre Stellarium je výsledkom výskumného projektu Roberta Fullera na Macquarieskej univerzite, Sydney, ukončenom v roku 2014. Stellarium bolo zvolené za súčasť projektu, aby bolo možné vrátiť kamilarojskej a euahlajiskej komunite zozbierané poznatky vo forme dokumentárneho videa (Star Stories of the Dreaming) a študentskú príručku. Klipy zo Stellaria boli v dokumente použité na ilustrovanie určitých objektov oblohy.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture references section in markdown format
en: More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi peoples can be found at [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).
sk: Detailnejšie informácie o astronómii Kamilaroicov a Euahlayicov možno nájsť na [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Robert S. Fuller and Ghillar Michael Anderson
sk: Robert S. Fuller a Ghillar Michael Anderson

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture name
en: Khoikhoi and San
sk: Chojchoj a San

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture authors section in markdown format Xhosa sky culture authors section in markdown format Zulu sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was created by Suki Lock for the South African Astronomical Observatory [(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), based on information supplied by Auke Slotegraaf. They were modified using inputs and information from Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa and Mdumiseni Nxumalo. The project was initiated by Sivuyile Manxoyi after having discussions with Prof Jarita Holbrook and Prof Kevin Snedegar on African Cultural astronomy.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy vytvorila Suki Locková pre Juhoafrické astronomické observatórium [(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/) podľa informácií od Aukeho Slotegraafa. Upravená bola podľa údajov od Thembu Matomelu, Thembely Mantungwaovej a Mdumiseniho Nxumala. Projekt zahájil Sivuyile Manxoyi po diskusii s prof. Jaritou Holbrookovou a prof. Kevinom Snedegarom o astronómii africkej kultúry.

note: Korean sky culture name
en: Korean
sk: Kórejská

note: Korean sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C.
sk: Čínske, kórejské a japonské súhvezdia majú rovnaký pôvod a tvarom vyzerajú veľmi podobne. Sú zobrazené na zodpovedajúcich hviezdnych mapách Dun Huang z 8. storočia, mape Čchon-Sang-Jol-Čcha-Bun-Ja-Či-Do a mape Kitora namaľovej v 7.-8. stor. n.l. Ich polohy a mená sú podobné v čínskom písme. Mená súhvezdí sa po prvý raz objavili v Záznamoch Veľkého historika (史記) z dynastie Chan, popisujúcimi dynastiu Sia z obdobia asi 2000 p.n.l.

note: Korean sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Origin
    
    The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like.
sk: ### Pôvod
    
    Týchto 272 súhvezdí zobrazených v tejto kultúre oblohy je založených na kórejskej mape súhvezdí Čchon-Sang-Jol-Čcha-Bun-Ja-Či-Do, ktorá bola vyrytá do kameňa v roku 1395, ale pochádza z inej mapy, ktorá existovala po asi 2000 rokov pred ňou. V tejto mape je 1467 hviezd v asi 190 súhvezdiach, ktorých tvar je mierne odlišný od tých čínskych. Interpretácia mapy nie je jednoduchá: mapa je taká stará, že sa podarilo stotožniť len asi 300 hviezd so skutočnými hviezdami. Všetky hviezdy na mape boli nakreslené na kruhu, takže rovník sa zdá kratší, než južný okraj. Pretože hustota súhvezdí sa vzhľadom na polohu nemení, poloha a veľkosť súhvezdí je mierne zmenená, čo autorovi nebolo známe. Predpokladá sa, že by v nej nemali byť jasné hviezdy, ktoré nepatria žiadnemu súhvezdiu. Práca autora je závislá na interpretácii a môže sa časom zmeniť. Aspoň nahrubo však ukazuje, ako vyzerajú kórejské súhvezdia.

note: Korean sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido)
sk:  - [#1]: [Čchonsang Jolčcha Bunjačido](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido)

note: Korean sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy do Stellaria pridal užívateľ *[Čeong, Tchae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*

note: Lokono sky culture name
en: Lokono
sk: Lokonoská

note: Lokono sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/>The *Lokono*, also known as *Arawak*, are an indigenous people of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French Guiana (see map).[#1] The Lokono speak a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of manioc (*Manihot esculenta*), who also practice fishing, hunting, and gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 years.[#2] This contact has intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of *medicine-men*&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge, most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented here includes only identified constellations but the following description provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge including information extracted from historical sources about all the celestial objects named in the table below.
sk: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/>*Lokonovia*, tiež známi aj ako *Aravakovia* sú domorodý národ v Guayane, ktorých územie sa rozkladá pozdĺž pobrežia Atlantického oceánu, zo severozápadnej Guayany, cez Surinam, do severozápadnej Francúzskej Guyanay (viď mapu).[#1] Lokonovia hovoria jazykom, ktorý patrí do aravackej jazykovej rodiny&mdash;jednej z najväčších lingvistických skupín na kontinente. Rovnako ako mnohí ich jazykoví príbuzní, aj Lokonovia sú poľnohospodári, ktorí sa špecializujú na pestovanie manioku (*Manihot esculenta*), tiež rybárčia, lovia a zberajú divé rastliny. Pretože boli jednou z prvých domorodých skupín, ktoré stretli Európanov v časoch výbojov, Lokonovia boli v kontakte s nedomorodým obyvateľstvom viac ako 500 rokov.[#2] Tento kontakt sa v poslednom storočí zosilnil, čo viedlo k značnej strate lokonského jazyka, tradičnej hmotnej a nehmotnej kultúry, zmenám v živobytí a zvlášť k vymiznutiu *šamanov*&mdash;tradičných nositeľov spirituálnych vedomostí, vysoko pravdepodobne aj etnoastronomických vedomostí. Dôsledkom je, že moderné poznatky o nebeských objektoch sa zdajú byť len zlomkom toho, čo o nich v minulosti vedeli Lokonovia. Viaceré súhvezdia spomínané v starších zdrojoch sú zabudnuté, alebo známe len po mene, pričom kombinácie hviezd, ktoré predstavovali a ústne tradície vysvetľujúce ich pôvod a význam, boli zabudnuté. Tu predstavená kultúra oblohy obsahuje len identifikované súhvezdia, ale nasledovné popisy podávajú obsiahlejší záznam o lokonských astronomických vedomostiach, vrátane informácií získaných z historických záznamov o všetkých nebeských objektoch vymenovaných v tabuľke nižšie.

note: Lokono sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by [Konrad Rybka](https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka) and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname (Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: Rybka, Konrad 2018. *Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software.*  Version 1.0
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridal [Konrad Rybka](https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka) a vytvoril s pomocou lokonsky hovoriacich ľudí v Suriname (Cassipora) a Guayane (Wakapoa). Výskum prebiehal ako súčasť projektu podporeného postdoktorandským grantom Holandskej organizácie pre vedecký výskum (číslo projektu 446-15-012). Citovať ako: Rybka, Konrad 2018. *Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software.* verzia 1.0

note: Lokono sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml) In Boundaries and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript number:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society.
sk:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml ) In Boundaries and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript number:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society.

note: Macedonian sky culture name
en: Macedonian
sk: Macedónska

note: Macedonian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” (Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev G., 2000).
sk: Etnoastronomický výskum medzi Macedóncami začal v roku 1982 a organizovalo ho Planetárium pri Mládežníckom centre kultúry. V uplynulých rokoch navštívili okolo 140 dedín v Severnom Macedónsku a vyspovedali viac ako 1500 obyvateľov. Všetky zozbierané informácie od ľudí boli publikované v knihe “Obloha nad Macedóniou” (Cenev G, 2004). Dôležitou súčasťou knihy je aj Mapa oblohy macedónskeho ľudu, ktorá bola zrekonštruovaná podľa popisov súhvezdí známych najstarším obyvateľom macedónskych dedín (Cenev G., 2000).

note: Macedonian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### Mother Hen (Kvachka) *[Quatʃka]*
    
    is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the star cluster Pleiades
    
    ##### Rooster (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation Taurus.
    
    ##### Hawk (Јastreb) *[Yastreb]*
    
    Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk.
    
    ##### Fox (Lisica) *[Lysitsa]*
    
     Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and the Rooster.
    
    ##### Pigs (Svinji) *[Sviƞi]*
    
    Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs.
    
    ##### Yoke (Jarem) *[Yarem]*
    
    People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of people and purpose given to this part of the sky.
    
    ##### Ploughman (Orach) *[Oratʃ]*
    
    The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with a goad as he returns home.
    
    ##### Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen.
    
    ##### Wolves (Volci) *[Voltsi]*
    
     Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor.
    
    ##### Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky
    
    ##### Threshing floor (Gumno) *[Goumno]*
    
     Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from his Godson.
    
    ##### Cross (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross.
    
    ##### Ears (Ushi) *[Uʃi]*
    
    By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing.
    
    ##### Trivet (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food.
    
    ##### Tongs (Mashi) *[Maʃy]*
    
    The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet.
    
    ##### Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked the image of a wooden round table called sofra.
    
    ##### Auger (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and is found inside the Priest’s Straw
    
    ##### Thieves (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves „because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that circle around houses“
sk: ##### Mama sliepka (Kvačka) *[Quatʃka]*
    
    je najznámejšie súhvezdie, ktoré bez výnimky spoznali všetci starší dedinčania. Meno používali pre hviezdokopu Plejády.
    
    ##### Kohút (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    je názov hviezdy Alnath (alebo Elnath) zo súhvezdia Býk.
    
    ##### Jastrab (Jastreb) *[Yastreb]*
    
    Jastrab, ako najznámejší nepriateľ mamy sliepky a kohúta, sa nachádza priamo nad nimi v útočnom postavení. Mnoho ľudí v ňom spoznáva jasnú hviezdu Capella zo súhvezdia Povozník.
    
    ##### Líška (Lisica) *[Lysitsa]*
    
     Líška je druhý najdôležitejší prirodzený nepriateľ mamy sliepky a kohúta, takže je jasné, prečo ju ľudia “videli” na oblohe. Červená farba Aldebaranu zo súhvezdia Býka je dôvod, prečo ho ľudia videli ako líšku pripravenú zaútočiť na sliepku a kohúta.
    
    ##### Prasatá (Svini) *[Sviƞi]*
    
    Blízko pri mame sliepke si ľudia všimli hviezdokopu Hyády. Ich roztrúsený vzhľad ľuďom pripomínal obraz prasiat na dedinskom dvore a preto ich tak pomenovali.
    
    ##### Jarmo (Jarem) *[Yarem]*
    
    Ľudia používali tento názov pre skupinu hviezd v Perzeovi. Jarmo pre voly sa často nachádzalo v dedinách, takže rovnako, ako pri predošlom súhvezdí, je dôkazom o celkovom obraze a zmysle, ktorý prikladali ľudia tomuto miestu na oblohe.
    
    ##### Oráč (Orač) *[Oratʃ]*
    
    Oráč je jedna z troch hlavných postáv na oblohe. Toto meno dali jasnej hviezde Betelgeuse v súhvezdí Orión. Okrem nej sa do obrazca ľudového súhvezdia pridávali aj slabšie hviezdy z okolia, pretože ľudia popisovali oráča ako osobu s palicou vracajúceho sa domov.
    
    ##### Pluh s volom (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    Súhvezdie Orión s mnohými jasnými hviezdami a výrazným vzhľadom dominuje zimnej oblohe a je ho ľahko nájsť. Ľudia v macedónskych dedinách zvyčajne ukazujú na Oriónov pás a vravia, že tri jasné hviezdy, obklopujúce tie menej jasné, tvoria obraz dreveného pluhu s dvomi zapriahnutými volmi.
    
    ##### Vlci (Volci) *[Voltsi]*
    
     Blízko pri pluhu s volmi, ktorý je na poli vľavo, ľudia videli aj vlkov. Sú to jasné hviezdy Sírius v súhvezdí Veľký pes a Prokyón v Malom psovi.
    
    ##### Kňazova slama (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     Naša Galaxia (Mliečna cesta), ktorá dominuje letnej oblohe
    
    ##### Holohumnica (Gumno) *[Goumno]*
    
     Okrúhly a hmlistý výzor galaxie v Andromede (M31) pripomínal ľuďom holohumnicu so senom, odkiaľ kňaz kradol od svojho krstného syna.
    
    ##### Kríž (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    Podľa ľudovej povery, keď uvidel kňaz-zlodej Božiu moc, panicky sa rozbehol a stratil svoj kríž. Preto sa vedľa kňazovej slamy sa nachádza Kríž.
    
    ##### Uši (Uši) *[Uʃi]*
    
    Toto bežné slovo sa používa v žargóne macedónskej dediny a označuje drevenú časť pluhu, ktorá orie zem.
    
    ##### Trojnožka (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    Trojnožka je kovové zariadenie s tromi nohami, ktoré sa dáva na počas prípravy jedla pec, ako podložka pre panvice a kanvice.
    
    ##### Kliešte (Maši) *[Maʃy]*
    
    Kliešte sa používali na oheň pri trojnožke. Preto je ľudové súhvezdie Kliešte blízko súhvezdia Trojnožka.
    
    ##### Nízky okrúhly drevený jedálenský stôl (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    Typický polkruhový tvar súhvezdia Severná koruna pripomínal tvar dreveného okrúhleho stolčeka nazývaného sofra.
    
    ##### Nebožiec (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    Ľudia vravia, že ide o veľký vrták používaný pri stavbe domov a nachádza sa vo vnútri Kňazovej slamy.
    
    ##### Zlodeji (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    Známe súhvezdie Veľká medvedica popisujú ľudia ako skupinu zbojníkov. Sedem jasných hviezd súhvezdia zobrazuje zbojníkov, „pretože celú noc krúžia po oblohe ako zlodeji okolo domov“

note: Macedonian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Macedonian Research Society](http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/)
     - [#2]: [Cenev, Gjore (1985). *The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's people.* "Publications of the Astronomical Society of "Rudjer Bošković", No. 4, p. 139 - 146". Belgrade, Yugoslavia](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C)
     - [#3]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Sky Map of Macedonian People.* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#4]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#5]: [Cenev, Gjore (2008). *Macedonian Folk Constellations.* Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, Serbia.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C)
     - [#6]: [Cenev, Gjore (2014). *The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.* Cosmos – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.](http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People)
sk:  - [#1]: [Macedónska výskumná spoločnosť](http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/)
     - [#2]: [Cenev, Gjore (1985). *Astronomické poznatky juhozápadných národov Macedónska.* "Práce Astronomickej Spoločnosti "Rudjera Boškovića", č. 4, s. 139 - 146". Belehrad, Juhoslávia](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C)
     - [#3]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Mapa oblohy macedónskeho národa.* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#4]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Neboto nad Makedonija [Obloha nad Macedónskom].* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#5]: [Cenev, Gjore (2008). *Macedónske ľudové súhvezdia.* Práce astronomického belehradského observatória, č. 85, s. 97-109. Belehrad, Srbsko.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C)
     - [#6]: [Cenev, Gjore (2014). *The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.* Cosmos – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.](http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People)

note: Macedonian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Vancho Stojkoski* and *Gjore Cenev* from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book **Sky over Macedonia** by Cenev G, 2004.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridali *Vancho Stojkoski* a *Gjore Cenev* z Macedónskej výskumnej spoločnosti, hlavne podľa knihy **Obloha nad Macedónskom** od G. Ceneva, 2004.

note: Maori sky culture name
en: Maori
sk: Maorská

note: Maori sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Taatai-arorangi-maori
    
    There are tribal ('iwi') variations in the naming of the stars and constellations. The names referenced below are the more well known names.
    
       |Object|Name|
       |--------|------|
       |Mercury|Takero|
       |Venus (morning star)|Tawera|
       |Venus (evening star)|Meremere|
       |Mars|Rangiwhenua|
       |Jupiter|Perearau|
       |Saturn|Perearau (Both Jupiter and Saturn have the same name)|
       |Altair|Poutu-te-Rangi|
       |Antares|Rehua|
       |S_Sco|Pekehawani|
       |T_Sco|Whakaonge-kai|
       |Canopus|Autahi|
       |Procyon|Puanga Hori|
       |Rigel|Puanga|
       |Sirius|Takarua|
       |Vega|Whanui|
       |Spica|Whiti-Kapeka or Mariao|
       |Arcturus|Ruawahia|
       |Castor|Whakaahu|
       |Pollux|Whakaahu (Both Castor and Pollux have the same name)|
       |Aldebaran|Taumatakuku|
       |Achernar|Turu|
       |Orion (whole belt)|Hao - o- rua|
       |Orion (the belt)|Tau toro|
       |Orion (a part)|Te Kakau|
       |Scorpio|Ruhi|
       |Scorpio (the tail)|Te Waka-o-Tama-Rereti|
       |Pleiades|Matariki|
       |Stars in the Pleiades (unspecified):|Tupua-nuku, Tupua-rangi, Ururangi, Wai-puna-a-rangi, Waiti, Waita|
       |Pointers|Te Taura Ra o Tainui|
       |Hyades|Te Kokota|
       |Southern Cross|Mahutonga|
       |Coal sack|Te Patiki|
       |Milky Way|Te ika o te rangi|
       |Large Magellanic cloud|Te Waka Ruru|
       |Small Magellanic cloud|Tuputuputu|
       |Double stars|Pipiri|
       |Comets|Auihi Turoa|
       |Ecliptic|Pito - o - Watea|
       |Moon|Te Marama|
       |Sun|Te Ra|
       |Te-Ra-o-Tainui|A maori constellation without a European counterpart. It is a sea voyaging catamaran. The belt of orion is the keel, the hyades is a claw sail and the Pleiades is the bow.|
sk: ### Taatai-arorangi-maori
    
    V pomenovaní hviezd a súhvezdí sú kmeňové ('iwi') rozdiely. Nižšie zozbierané názvy sú tie najznámejšie.
    
       |Objekt|Názov|
       |--------|------|
       |Merkúr|Takero|
       |Venuša (zornička)|Tawera|
       |Venuša (večernica)|Meremere|
       |Mars|Rangiwhenua|
       |Jupiter|Perearau|
       |Saturn|Perearau (Jupiter aj Saturn sa volajú rovnako!)|
       |Altair|Poutu-te-Rangi|
       |Antares|Rehua|
       |S Sco|Pekehawani|
       |T Sco|Whakaonge-kai|
       |Canopus|Autahi|
       |Prokyón|Puanga Hori|
       |Rigel|Puanga|
       |Sírius|Takarua|
       |Vega|Whanui|
       |Spica|Whiti-Kapeka alebo Mariao|
       |Arktúr|Ruawahia|
       |Castor|Whakaahu|
       |Pollux|Whakaahu (Castor aj Pollux sa volajú rovnako!)|
       |Aldebaran|Taumatakuku|
       |Achernar|Turu|
       |Orión (celý opasok)|Hao-o-rua|
       |Orión (opasok)|Tau toro|
       |Orión (časť)|Te Kakau|
       |Škorpión|Ruhi|
       |Škorpión (chvost)|Te Waka-o-Tama-Rereti|
       |Plejády|Matariki|
       |Hviezdy v Plejádach (nešpecifikované):|Tupua-nuku, Tupua-rangi, Ururangi, Wai-puna-a-rangi, Waiti, Waita|
       |Smerovníky|Te Taura Ra o Tainui|
       |Hyády|Te Kokota|
       |Južný kríž|Mahutonga|
       |Uhoľné vrece|Te Patiki|
       |Mliečna cesta|Te ika o te rangi|
       |Veľký Magellanov mrak|Te Waka Ruru|
       |Malý Magellanov mrak|Tuputuputu|
       |Dvojhviezdy|Pipiri|
       |Kométy|Auihi Turoa|
       |Ekliptika|Pito-o-Watea|
       |Mesiac|Te Marama|
       |Slnko|Te Ra|
       |Te-Ra-o-Tainui|Maorské súhvezdie bez európskeho náprotivku. Je to katamaran plaviaci sa po mori. Opasok Orióna je kýl, Hyády sú plachtou a Plejády provou.|

note: Maori sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Phoenix Astronomical Society](http://www.astronomynz.org/): a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New Zealand).
     - [#2]: Best, E. (1955) 'The astronomical knowledge of the Maori',Dominion Museum Monograph no.3 Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#3]: Best, E. (1959) 'The Maori division of time',Dominion Museum Monograph no4. Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#4]: Evans, J. (1998) 'The discovery of Aotearoa', Reed.
     - [#5]: Kingsley-Smith, C. (1967) 'Astronomers in puipuis. Maori Star lore', Southern Stars 22,5-10.
     - [#6]: Leather, K. and Hall, Richard (2004) 'Tatai Arorangi: Maori Astronomy, Work of the gods',Viking sevenseas nz ltd, Paraparaumu, NZ, ISBN:085467105 6.
     - [#7]: Lewis, D. (1994) 'We, the navigators. The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific', University of Hawaii press.
     - [#8]: Orbell, M. (1996) 'The natural world of the Maori',David Bateman ltd.
     - [#9]: Orchiston, W. (1996) 'Australian Aboriginal, Polynesian and Maori Astronomy', Chapter in: 'Astronomy before the telescope' 318-328. Editor Chris Walker. BCA.
sk:  - [#1]: [The Phoenix Astronomical Society](http://www.astronomynz.org/): veľmi dobrá stránka o Maorskej kultúre oblohy (Wairarapa, New Zealand).
     - [#2]: Best, E. (1955) 'The astronomical knowledge of the Maori',Dominion Museum Monograph no.3 Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#3]: Best, E. (1959) 'The Maori division of time',Dominion Museum Monograph no4. Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#4]: Evans, J. (1998) 'The discovery of Aotearoa', Reed.
     - [#5]: Kingsley-Smith, C. (1967) 'Astronomers in puipuis. Maori Star lore', Southern Stars 22,5-10.
     - [#6]: Leather, K. and Hall, Richard (2004) 'Tatai Arorangi: Maori Astronomy, Work of the gods',Viking sevenseas nz ltd, Paraparaumu, NZ, ISBN:085467105 6.
     - [#7]: Lewis, D. (1994) 'We, the navigators. The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific', University of Hawaii press.
     - [#8]: Orbell, M. (1996) 'The natural world of the Maori',David Bateman ltd.
     - [#9]: Orchiston, W. (1996) 'Australian Aboriginal, Polynesian and Maori Astronomy', Kapitola v: 'Astronomy before the telescope' 318-328. Editor Chris Walker. BCA.

note: Maori sky culture authors section in markdown format Tongan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridal do Stellaria *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Maya sky culture name
en: Maya
sk: Mayská

note: Maya sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses), the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as original by some scholars).
sk: Mayská kultúra patrila jednej z najrozvinutejších civilizácií
    predkolumbovskej Ameriky. Vytvorili sústavu písma, ktorá im umožňovala
    ukladať vedomosti v rôznych formách: napr. ako vykonávať rituály alebo
    odovzdávať konkrétne správy obecenstvu (politické aj posvätné fakty od
    vládcov ľudu, vysekané do monumentov a stél). Tieto záznamy nám dovoľujú,
    prostredníctvom ťažkej práce mnohých vedcov, skúmať ich pohľad na vesmír a
    ako si predstavovali jeho vznik. Tieto vedomosti boli zapísané do kníh
    (známe v akademickom prostredí ako "kódexy"), napr. Drážďanský kódex (ktorý
    popisuje dátumy viditeľnosti Venuše v každej fáze a tiež tabuľky mesačných i
    slnečných zatmení), Parížsky kódex (ktorý popisuje niektoré súhvezdia),
    Madridský kódex (ktorý spája astronomické a poľnohospodárske údaje) a v
    poslednej dobe aj Groliersky kódex (ktorý sa pokladal za skrátenú verziu
    Drážďanského kódexu, ale ešte nieje akceptovaný všetkými učencami ako
    originálny kódex).

note: Maya sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/description1030.png"/><br /><em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em></p>
    
    All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations (Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not (Špoták, 2015).
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"/><br />
    <em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em></p>
    
    In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "swallow" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to the interpretation of the contributors of this culture.
sk: <p><img src="illustrations/description1030.png"/><br /><em>Strana 49 Drážďanského kódexu zobrazuje časť tabuľky o Venuši.</em></p>
    
    Predpokladá sa, že všetky mayské kódexy priniesli do Európy prví
    prieskumníci Nového sveta, ako dôkazy o svojich objavoch. Hlavne Parížsky
    kódex bol dlho zabudnutý, kým ho v 1859 nenašiel kňaz Leon Rosny v rohu pri
    komíne Národnej knižnice v Paríži. Bol značne poškodený, ako je vidieť na
    stránke 23 nižšie. Napriek tomu, Parížsky kódex popisuje asterizmy a
    súhvezdia, ako ich videli Mayovia. Niektoré z nich sa pravdepodobne týckajú
    aj súhvezdí zvieratníka (Love, 1994) (Freidel a kol., 1993) (Aveni, 2005),
    kým iné nie (Špoták, 2015).
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"/><br />
    <em>Strana 23 Parížskeho kódexu zobrazuje niektoré súhvezdia.</em></p>
    
    V tomto prístupe k zobrazeniu súhvezdí v Stellariu predpokladáme, že sú
    spojené s ekliptikou, pretože podľa Parížskeho kódexu sa zdajú, že "hltajú"
    Slnko. Takže sú umiestnené čo najbližšie k tejto čiare a ich obrazce sú
    upravené k tvaru rôznych zvierat, ktoré by mali znázorňovať súhvezdia
    zvieratníka. Ostatné súhvezdia sú umiestnené podľa etnografických zdrojov do
    ich najpravdepodobnejších polôh. Čiary súhvezdí boli nakreslené tak, aby
    súhlasili s obrazmi z horeuvedených zdrojov a ich vzhľad je interpretáciou
    autorov tejto kultúry oblohy.

note: Maya sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:
    
    ##### Bird *[Ch’oom]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions (Špoták, 2015).</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Shark *[Xoc]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Owl *[Kulte']*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and feathers on the head that it exhibits.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Jaguar *[Balaam]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related to the skin of this animal.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Death *[Kimi]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear whether it's an animal or not.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Scorpion *[Sina'an]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western culture Scorpion constellation, because of the "twisted" body that is suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Rattlesnake *[Chaan]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal is present through many species in the central america environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical rattling ending of this reptile.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Bat *[Zool]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Toad *[Uo]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal in the Western culture constellation of Virgo.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Turtle *[Aak]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/></td><td>The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    <p>Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol Vuh</i>) are described below:</p>
    
    ##### Hole-backed Caiman: *[Way Paat Ahiin]*
    
    The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current order of things.
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>
    
    ##### Paddler Gods:
    
    This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos to take place.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>
    
    ##### Primordial Fire: *[Oxib'Xk'ub]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/></td><td>This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars representing the three hearthstones.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Peccaries:
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak mural.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Stars and Planets Names
    
     Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:
    
    <ul>
    <li> <b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at night.</li>
    <li> <b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February to track the time at night.</li>
    <li> <b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end of the dry season, in April.</li>
    <li> <b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic period.</li>
    </ul>
sk: Niektoré z rozoznaných súhvezdí z Parížskeho kódexu sú:
    
    ##### Vták *[Č’úm]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Nie je celkom presne identifikované, ale niektorí vedci ho popisujú ako supa, pretože nie je ozdobený, a lepšie sa tak viaže k niektorým etnografickým popisom  (Špoták, 2015).</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Žralok *[Xoc]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Obrázok tohto súhvezdia je v skutočnosti kombináciou prvkov dvoch zvierat: hlavy hada a chvosta ryby. Niektorí učenci prišli k záveru, že to zobrazuje žraloka.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Sova *[Kulte']*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Niektorí učenci ju spoznali podľa malého tela a pierok na hlave.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Jaguár *[Balám]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Rozoznaný podľa typických značiek na koži zvieraťa.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Smrť *[Kimi]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Toto súhvezdie sa v Parížskom kódexe objavuje ako kostra, nie je jasné, či ide o zviera, alebo nie.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Škorpión *[Sina'an]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Učenci sa zhodujú, že toto súhvezdie súhlasí so západným súhvezdím Škorpión pre jeho "pokrútené" telo naznačené vzorcom hviezd. Napriek tomu pre Mayov je jeho žihadlo bližšie k hviezde Antares, pretože sa tak nachádza bližšie pri dráhe Slnka, ako naznačuje Parížsky kódex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Štrkáč *[Čán]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Toto zviera sa nachádza v podobe viacerých druhov v prostredí strednej Ameriky. To, ktoré je vyobrazené v Parížskom kódexe, sa považuje za štrkáča, kvôli ukončeniu jeho chvosta, ktoré znázorňuje typické štrkátko na chvoste hada.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Netopier *[Zúl]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Rozoznaný podľa krídiel a charakteristického nosa, ktorý má na hornej pere, čo je typické pre mayskú ikonografiu.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Ropucha *[Uo]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Toto zviera rozoznávame pre jeho náhrdelník a chýbajúce zuby v papuli (Špoták, 2015). Freidel a kol. (1993) ho umiestňujú do súhvezdia Panna v západnej kultúre.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Korytnačka *[Ák]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/></td><td>Korytnačka bola pri stvorení sveta a v západnej kultúre je to asterizmus Pás Orióna. Túto polohu nie je možné dedukovať z Parížskeho kódexu, ale z analýzy nástenných malieb v Bonampaku, kde je obrázok korytnačky ozdobený tromi bodmi, ktoré sa svojou polohou a orientáciou veľmi podobajú na Pás Orióna. Preto je táto podoba korytnačky použitá aj v kultúre oblohy, namiesto tej z Parížskeho kódexu.</td></tr>
    </table>
    <p>Asterizmy a súhvezdia, ktoré boli získané z iných archeologických a
    etnografických zdrojov (ako nástenné maľby a rukopisy napr. <i>Popol
    Vuh</i>), sú uvedené nižšie:
    
    ##### Kajman s deravým chrbtom: *[Waj Pát Ahín]*
    
    Mliečna cesta, ktorá je k obzoru vo zvislej polohe. Tento tvor - z polovice
    krokodíl a z polovice jeleň, bol obetovaný v mýtickej dobe, ktorá
    predchádzala tej dnešnej. To vyvolalo krvavú búrku, ktorá ukončila prvotný
    chaos. Na jeho chrbte boli umiestnené štyri stromy, ktoré zodvihli a držia
    oblohu. Spolu s nimi aj iná nadprirodzená bytosť, ktorá sa postavila na vrch
    bezhlavého tela a založila súčasný poriadok sveta.
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>
    
    ##### Pádlujúci bohovia:
    
    Tento obrázok znázorňuje boha kukurice, ktorého odnášajú pádlujúci bohovia
    na kanoe do miesta stvorenia: tri kozuby (definované hviezdami Alnitak,
    Saiph a Rigel v západnom súhvezdí Orión, a v Stellariu zobrazené ako opisujú
    Oxib' Xk'ub', čiže asterizmus Prvotný oheň). Tu sa má sám obetovať, aby sa
    udialo stvorenie sveta.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>
    
    ##### Prvotný oheň: *[Oxib'Xk'ub]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/></td><td>Prvý oheň, ktorý bol zapálený v okamihu stvorenia. Mayovia videli jeho dym ako hmlovinu v Orióne (M42), medzi tromi jasnými hviezdami, ktoré znázorňujú tri kozuby.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Pekari:
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>Tieto prasatám podobné zvieratá znázorňujú hviezdy Castor a Pollux. Obrázok v Stellariu bol prevzatý z nástennej maľby z Bonampaku.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Mená hviezd a planét
    
     Mayovia, rovnako ako iné staroveké kultúry, používali hviezdy na sledovanie
    času. Hviezdy, ktoré sú v tejto verzii Stellaria zahrnuté, sú:
    
    <ul>
    <li> <b>Dvaja jasní: </b><i>[kib' čuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor a Pollux</b>, ktoré
    boli na začiatku obdobia sucha používané na sledovanie času v noci.</li>
    <li> <b>Osamelá hviezda: </b><i>[džun č'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, používaný na
    sledovanie času v noci vo februári.</li>
    <li> <b>Rohová hviezda: </b><i>[xukut č'umil]</i>, <b>Alfa Centauri</b>, nazývaná
    tak pretože označovala južný okraj nočnej oblohy na konci obdobia sucha v
    apríli.</li>
    <li> <b>Jasná hviezda: </b><i>[Čak 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venuša</b>, táto planéta bola pre
    Mayov bohom vojny. V Drážďanskom kódexe sa nachádza almanach, ktorý sa
    používal na predpovedanie objavenia sa a zmiznutia planéty počas jej
    synodickej periódy.</li>
    </ul>

note: Maya sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p>This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:</p>
sk: <p>Túto kultúru oblohy pridali <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> a <i>Javier
    Mejuto</i> z oddelenia archeoastronómie a kultúrnej astronómie na fakulte
    vied o vesmíre Národnej autonómnej univerzity v Hondurase, založenej hlavne
    na práci nasledovných autorov:</p>

note: Maya sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript (Dissertation)](https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download) by Jakub Špoták
     - [#2]: Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993) *Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On The Shaman's Path*, New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
     - [#3]: Aveni, A.(2005) *Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo*, Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
     - [#4]: Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It, *Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture*, XIV(1), pp.: 39-58.
     - [#5]: Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) [El mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas fundaciones](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010), *Estudios de cultura maya*, 45(45), pp. 9-48.
    
    ### Links of Interest
    
     - [Wikipedia: The Paris Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex)
     - [Bonampak, Viviendo el tiempo maya](https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak)
sk:  - [#1]: [The Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript (Dissertation)](https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download) - Jakub Špoták
     - [#2]: Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993) *Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On The Shaman's Path*, New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
     - [#3]: Aveni, A.(2005) *Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo*, Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
     - [#4]: Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It, *Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture* , XIV(1), pp.: 39-58.
     - [#5]: Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) [El mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas fundaciones](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010), *Estudios de cultura maya*, 45(45), pp. 9-48.
    
    ### Zaujímavé odkazy
    
     - [Wikipedia: The Paris Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex)
     - [Bonampak, Viviendo el tiempo maya](https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak)

note: Modern sky culture name
en: Modern
sk: Moderná

note: Modern sky culture introduction section in markdown format Modern (IAU) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy.
sk: Moderná kultúra oblohy je medzinárodne používaná modernými astronómami a je oficiálnou schémou Medzinárodnej astronomickej únie. Má historické korene v starovekej gréckej astronómii, s vplyvom islamskej astronómie.

note: Modern sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#40] still in use today.
    
    ### Extras
    
    In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy in Alexandria published a multi-volume book which summarised the astronomical knowledge of the time, rooted in a tradition of mathematical astronomy since Hipparchus (at least 265 years earlier). In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century), from Arabic into Latin, and later, from the original ancient Greek into medieval Latin. Due to this transformation, it is now known under the artificial name Almagest, derived from the Arabic title [#46].
    
    The Almagest star catalogue (books VII and VIII) has been depicted many times in the Islamic as well as in the Christian astronomical traditions. Often, the figures were re-drawn in order to adapt them to the taste of art of the epoch. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names. Therefore, this sky culture displays a modern descendant of the Ptolemaic one with traces of translations, misunderstandings, transformations, and deliberate additions.
    
    In 1603 the lawyer and hobby astronomer Johann Bayer from Augsburg, Germany, made a new celestial atlas, called Uranometria [#41]. In this atlas, he introduced a systematic naming of stars starting with alpha, the brightest, beta, the second brightest, gamma, the third ... within a constellation. Subsequently, it was established to name a star with a Greek letter and the Latin constellation name in casus genitive.
    
    In the 18th century, the century of great atlases (Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode: [#42][#43]), new constellations were added to fill the gaps between northern constellations. Additionally, there were suggestions to create new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. European astronomers visited the European colonies and instead of asking the native people for their constellations, the Europeans were creative. This way, many new technical inventions of the early modern period were depicted in constellations (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) as well as exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird).
    
    The problem was that sometimes astronomers did not agree with each other and, thus, atlases showed deviations from each other.
    
    After many centuries of astronomers taking liberties in interpretation of the Ptolemaic original, there were many variants of constellations. As constellations are a positioning system, i.e. astronomers describe positions in the sky relative to stars and stars relative to constellations (like "Betelgeuse", Orion's right shoulder), it is necessary to use constellation names and star names uniformly all over the world.
    
    In the "Fin de siècle", there were upcoming suggestions in the astronomical community to unify the system of constellations and star names [#44].
    
    The IAU, only founded in 1919, in 1928 defined the boundaries of these areas [#43] and not the way of drawing artwork or connecting lines within them. Consequently several sub-cultures of painting figures and drawing simplified stickfigures were developed during the 20th and 21st century. We provide some of them as further sky cultures.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#47] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#51], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#40].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#44]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Stellarium by default displays the precise RA-DEC-boundaries and a set of artwork constellations on the basis of Ptolemaic figures but following our contemporary taste of art.
    
    ### Asterisms
    
    The term "asterism" (assembly of stars) can sometimes be used synonymously to "constellation". In the modern use it describes a figure which is not part of the official canon. Sometimes an asterism is a part of a constellation, e.g. the Big Dipper as part of Ursa Major, or Great Square as part of Pegasus. Other asterisms span over several constellations, e.g. the Summer Triangle or Winter Hexagon. Yet others are only visible in binoculars or telescopes and are aptly named "telescopic asterism", e.g. the Coathanger. They are often discussed in the observing columns of popular astronomy magazines.
    
    ### Ray Helpers
    
    Seasoned observers can find their way around the sky easily. One mnemonic tool are associative chains of stars that span large distances. We show them as "ray helpers". These are not standardized.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#45] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
sk: Moderná kultúra oblohy rozdeľuje nebeskú sféru na 88 oblastí rôznej veľkosti zvaných súhvezdia, každá s presnou hranicou určenou Medzinárodnou astronomickou úniou v roku 1922. Tieto súhvezdia sa stali štandardným spôsobom popisu oblohy a masívne nahradili v každodennom používaní podobné sady v iných kultúrach.
    
    Súhvezdia, ktoré sa dnes používajú sú založené hlavne na starovekých gréckych súhvezdiach popísaných v 2. stor. n.l. Ptolemaiom v jeho diele Almagest. V nasledujúcich storočiach bolo dielo preložené z gréčtiny do arabčiny (6.-9. storočie) a neskôr do stredovekej latinčiny. V arabčine (viac, než v latinčine) boli Ptolemaiove obrazce obohatené o domorodé arabské súhvezdia a mená hviezd.
    
    V 16.-18. storočí navrhli európski astronómovia nové súhvezdia, aby vyplnili medzery medzi severnými súhvezdiami (napr. súhvezdie "Rys" pre oblasť blízku Veľkej medvedici, ale s tak slabými hviezdami, že potrebujete oči rysa, aby ste ich videli) a tiež vytvorili nové súhvezdia na južnej časti oblohy, ktoré Ptolemaios nemohol vidieť. Tieto nové súhvezdia boli väčšinou pomenované podľa nových technických vynálezov ranej modernej doby (napr. chemická pec, balón, výveva) alebo exotických zvierat (napr. chameleón, tukan, rajka). Medzi novými súhvezdiami boli aj niektoré politické nominácie na počesť kráľov alebo mecenášov.
    
    Začiatkom 20. storočia sa IAU (medzinárodná astronomická únia) zamerala na veľké upratovanie: v roku 1922 oficiálne prijala zoznam 88 mien súhvezdí. V roku 1928 tiež presne zadefinovala hranice súhvezdí [#40] používané dodnes.
    
    ### Extra
    
    V 2. storočí n.l. vydal Ptolemaios v Alexandrii viac-zväzkové dielo, v ktorom zhrnul všetko astronomické poznanie svojej doby, ukotvené v tradícii matematickej astronómie od čias Hipparcha (najmenej 265 rokov skôr). V nasledujúcich storočiach bolo dielo preložené z gréčtiny do arabčiny (6.-9. storočie), z arabčiny do latinčiny a neskôr z pôvodnej starovekej gréčtiny do stredovekej latinčiny. Kvôli týmto transformáciám je dnes známe pod skomoleným menom Almagest, ktoré je odvodené z arabského názvu [#46].
    
    Katalóg hviezd Almagestu (knihy VII a VIII) bol mnohokrát zobrazený v islamskej a tiež kresťanskej astronomickej tradícii. Často sa obrazce prekresľovali, aby sa prispôsobili umeleckému štýlu danej epochy. V arabčine (viac, než v latinskej tradícii) boli Ptolemaiove obrazce upravené podľa domorodých arabských súhvezdí a obohatené o mená hviezd. Preto táto kultúra oblohy zobrazuje moderných potomkov Ptolemaiovských súhvezdí so stopami prekladov, nedorozumení, zmien a úmyselných prídavkov.
    
    V roku 1603 vytvoril právnik a amatérsky astronóm Johann Bayer z Augsburgu v Nemecku nový atlas oblohy, nazvaný Uranometria [#41]. V tomto atlase predstavil systematické pomenovanie hviezd začínajúc písmenom alfa pre najjasnejšiu hviezdu, pokračujúc beta pre druhú, gama pre tretiu atď. v rámci jedného súhvezdia. Neskôr sa ustálilo pomenovanie hviezd pomocou gréckeho písmena a latinského mena súhvezdia v genitíve.
    
    V 18. storočí (storočí veľkých atlasov - Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode: [#42][#43]) boli pridané nové súhvezdia na zaplnenie medzier medzi severnými súhvezdiami. Dodatočne bolo navrhnuté aj vytvorenie nových súhvezdí pre južnú časť oblohy, ktorú Ptolemaios nemohol pozorovať. Európski astronómovia navštívili európske kolónie a miesto toho, aby sa domorodcov pýtali na mená ich súhvezdí, boli sami kreatívni. Takto sa na súhvezdia premenili mnohé technické vynálezy ranej modernej doby (napr. chemická pec, balón, výveva) a tiež exotické zvieratá (napr. chameleón, tukan, rajka).
    
    Problémom bolo, že niekedy sa astronómovia medzi sebou nezhodli a tak medzi jednotlivými atlasmi boli niekde rozdiely.
    
    Astronómovia po mnoho storočí svojvoľne pristupovali k interpretácii Ptolemaiovho originálu a tak existovalo viacero variantov súhvezdí. Keďže súhvezdia sú vlastne systémom polôh, t.j. astronómovia popisujú polohy na oblohe vzhľadom ku hviezdam a súhvezdiam (napr. "Betelgeuse", pravé plece Orióna), bolo nevyhnutné celosvetovo používať jednotné názvy súhvezdí a mien hviezd.
    
    Na konci 19. storočia sa množili návrhy astronomickej komunity, aby sa zjednotil systém súhvezdí a mien hviezd [#44].
    
    IAU, založená len v roku 1919, už v r. 1928 zadefinovala hranice týchto oblastí [#43] a nie umelecké obrázky s hviezdami prepojenými čiarami. Následne sa mnohé obrázky sub-kultúr zjednodušili na paličkové obrazce, ktoré sa vyvinuli v 20. a 21. storočí. Niektoré z nich tu ponúkame ako ďalšie kultúry oblohy.
    
    ### Súhvezdia
    
    Tieto súhvezdia sú založené hlavne na Ptolemaiovskej tradícii, ktorá sa používala aj vo všetkých troch abrahámskych náboženstvách a je tak spoločná pre Blízky východ, Európu a jej kolónie na iných kontinentoch. Ale medzi starovekými gréckymi súhvezdiami boli medzery so slabými hviezdami, ktoré nepatrili žiadnemu súhvezdiu.[#47] V modernej dobe navrhovali viacerí astronómovia obrazce súhvezdí, ktoré by tieto medzery zaplnili. Medzi nimi aj niekoľko politických súhvezdí na počesť konkrétnym kráľom alebo mecenášom. Na konci 19. storočia sa vedecká astronomická komunita podujala na veľké upratovanie, aby sa vyhla nejasnostiam pri priraďovaní hviezd súhvezdiam.
    
    V roku 1922 schválila IAU zoznam 88 mien súhvezdí a ich oficiálne trojpísmenové skratky. Jediným politickým súhvezdím, ktoré ostalo, je Štít, teda štít poľského kráľa, ale už bez zmienky o tomto politickom prepojení. Belgický kňaz E. Delporte dostal za úlohu zadefinovať hranice súhvezdí podľa súradníc. Prácu dokončil v roku 1928 na základe atlasu z Argentíny [#51] a IAU prijala jeho rozdelenie [#40].
    
    Tieto "súhvezdia" sú holé oblasti oblohy bez akýchkoľvek paličkových obrazcov alebo obrázkov [#44]. Hranice jednoducho sledujú čiary rektascenzie a deklinácie z epochy 1875,0. Precesia spôsobuje postupný odklon od pôvodne pravouhlej mriežky. Tieto súhvezdia sa stali štandardným spôsobom popisu oblohy a masívne nahradili v každodennom používaní podobné sady v iných kultúrach.
    
    Stellarium predvolene zobrazuje presné hranice v RA-DEC a množinu umeleckých obrázkov na základe Ptolemaiovských obrazov, ale v modernom štýle.
    
    ### Asterizmy
    
    Termín "asterizmus" (súbor hviezd) sa niekedy používa ako synonymum k slovu "súhvezdie". V modernej dobe popisuje obrazec, ktorý nie je súčasťou oficiálneho zoznamu. Niekedy je asterizmus časť súhvezdia, napr. Veľký voz je časť Veľkej medvedice, alebo Veľký štvorec časť Pegasa. Iné asterizmy sa rozprestierajú cez niekoľko súhvezdí, napr. Letný trojuholník, alebo Zimný šesťuholník. Niektoré ďalšie je vidieť len pomocou binokuláru alebo ďalekohľadu a preto sa nazývajú "teleskopické asterizmy", napr. Vešiak. Často sa o nich píše v stĺpčekoch pre pozorovateľov v populárnych astronomických časopisoch.
    
    ### Lúčové pomôcky
    
    Skúsení pozorovatelia sa na oblohe zorientujú jednoducho. Jednou z mnemotechnických pomôcok sú reťazce hviezd, ktoré spájajú veľké vzdialenosti. Tu ich zobrazujeme ako "lúčové pomôcky". Tieto nie sú štandardizované.
    
    ### Vlastné mená hviezd
    
    Ptolemaiov hviezdny katalóg mal formu tabuľkových zoznamov s popisom polohy hviezdy v obrazci súhvezdia, ekliptickými súradnicami a hviezdnou veľkosťou, napr.: "Hviezda na špičke chvosta Malého medveďa", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    Vo väčšine prípadov sa mená hviezdy vyvinuli cez systematické skracovanie popisov astronómami. Napr. prvý astronóm skrátil text na "špic chvosta", ďalší nakreslil mapu s menej miestom na popis a vedľa hviezdy zaznačil len "chvost" a toto meno jej už zostalo. Počas storočí boli tieto preklady preložené do arabčiny, latinčiny a v niektorých prípadoch sa pomýlil prekladateľ, pretože nesprávne prečítal alebo zapísal arabské slovo (napr. arabsky "yad al guza", ruka obrej ženy, bola spotvorená na bežný termín "Betelgeuse").
    
    Ale je v ňom spomenutých aj niekoľko originálnych gréckych mien, ako napríklad červená hviezda "Antares", protivník Áresa (Marsu) a dokonca aj pár pôvodne babylonských termínov, ako "Shargaz", Žihadlo, v Škorpiónovi. Naše moderné mená hviezd IAU [#45] sú obnovenou zmeskou s vplyvom neptolemaiovských kultúr oblohy a dokonca s politicky vyžiadanými dodatkami, napr. tradičné čínske meno Pingsing hviezdy v Hydre (jeho význam je len "hviezda", pripomienka jej osamelej polohy), alebo novoprijaté mená z polynézskej, havajskej, či aborigénskej kultúry pre mená hviezd s exoplanétami.
    
    IAU je jediná vedecky akceptovaná autorita, ktorá prideľuje mená hviezd. Komerčné využitie vo forme "registrov mien hviezd", ktoré predávajú hviezdy ako pamiatkové darčeky, predávajú len potlačený zdrap papiera. Tieto mená nie sú schválené a nikdy nebudú vedecky používané.

note: Modern sky culture authors section in markdown format Modern (IAU) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Stellarium's team
sk: Tím Stellaria

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture name
en: Modern (Chinese)
sk: Moderná (Čínska)

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Modern (Chinese) Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of modern constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value.
sk: Moderná čínska kultúra oblohy je kombináciou čínskych tradícii a západných súhvezdí. Číňania používajú v astronómii kombináciu moderných súhvezdí a čínskych mien hviezd. Toto je kultúra oblohy, ktorú práve dnes používajú Číňania a má veľkú praktickú hodnotu.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    The modern Chinese use the constellations of the International Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special astronomical significance.
    
    For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and traditional Chinese names, see *Chinese traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    ### External links
    
     - [Chinese constellations ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [traditional Chinese star names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [constellations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Constellation image library](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.
sk: ### Súhvezdia
    
    Dnešní Číňania používajú súhvezdia Medzinárodnej astronomickej únie (IAU). Tradičné čínske súhvezdia nemajú medzi sebou žiadne vlastné hranice. Predstavujú len súvisiace skupiny jasných hviezd a nemajú za úlohu rozdeľovať nebeskú sféru na rôzne oblasti, takže pre astronómiu sú už nepoužiteľné.
    
    ### mená hviezd
    
    Číňania aj dnes používajú tradičné mená hviezd namiesto západných mien hviezd. Viac ako 3000 hviezd má tradičné čínske mená. Keď sa do čínštiny prekladá cudzojazyčná kniha, mená hviezd sa takisto prevedú na tradičné čínske mená. Sú niektoré špeciálne hviezdy, ktoré používajú západné mená, napríklad Proxima, Van Maanenova hviezda, ktoré sú zvyčajne pozorovateľné len ďalekohľadom, ale majú zvláštny astronomický význam.
    
    Pre detailný úvod k tradičným čínskym súhvezdiam a tradičným čínskym menám, viď *Čínska tradičná kultúra oblohy pre Stellarium*.
    
    ### Externé zdroje
    
     - [čínske súhvezdia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) (anglická Wikipédia)
     - [tradičné čínske mená hviezd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) (anglická Wikipédia)
     - [súhvezdia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) (anglická Wikipédia)
     - [Knižnica obrázkov súhvezdí](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) z Amerického námorného observatória (USNO) a Vedeckého inštitútu vesmírneho ďalekohľadu (STSI). Rytiny Johannesa Heveliusa.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Yi Shitong. (1981). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0. Beijing: Science Press.
     - [#2]: Pan Nai. (2009). The History of Stellar Observation in China. Shanghai: Academia Press. ISBN 9787807306948.
     - [#3]: Yi Shitong. (1980). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart. Encyclopedia of China - Astronomy. Beijing. Encyclopedia of China Publishing House.
     - [#4]: [English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names](http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/zh_CN/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html)
sk:  - [#1]: Yi Shitong. (1981). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0. Beijing: Science Press.
     - [#2]: Pan Nai. (2009). The History of Stellar Observation in China. Shanghai: Academia Press. ISBN 9787807306948.
     - [#3]: Yi Shitong. (1980). Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart. Encyclopedia of China - Astronomy. Beijing. Encyclopedia of China Publishing House.
     - [#4]: [Anglicko-čínsky slovník čínskych oblastí oblohy, asterizmov a mien hviezd](http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/zh_CN/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html)

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Constellation art，Constellation lines based on *Modern Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    Asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on *Chinese Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy do Stellaria pridal užívateľ *Sun Šuwej* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Obrázky a čiary súhvezdí sú založené na *Modernej kultúre oblohy pre Stellarium*.
    
    Čiary asterizmov a tradičné čínske mená hviezd sú založené na *Čínskej tradičnej kultúre oblohy pre Stellarium*.

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture name
en: Modern (O. Hlad)
sk: Moderná (O. Hlad)

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Constellations according to classical Czech publication: *Hvězdná obloha 2000.0*[#1].
sk: Súhvezdia podľa klasickej českej knihy: *Hvězdná obloha 2000.0*[#1].

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
    Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do *not* use 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové ([http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)).
    
    Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed brighter.
    
    ### Updates
    
    Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1
    
    Future updates should be available at [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)
sk: Ďalšie (dosť podobné) české a slovenské zdroje sú: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
    Čiary súhvezdí sú navrhnuté tak, aby väčšinou spájali hviezdy značené gréckymi písmenami (α, β, γ, ...), najjasnejšie alebo aspoň podobne jasné hviezdy, hlavne, ak vytvárajú mnemotechnické obrazce (ako písmeno 'W' v prípade Cas, alebo 'bežca cez prekážky' miesto Vir). Zvyčajne *nepoužívame* hviezdy 5. veľkosti, pretože ich veľmi ťažko pozorovať v mestách postihnutých svetelným znečistením. Výsledné obrazce sú o niečo jednoduchšie a ľahšie zapamätateľné pre deti. Tieto súhvezdia používame na Hvezdárni a planetáriu v Hradci Králové ([http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)).
    
    Poznámky: UMa je zobraná z Pittich a Kalmančok (1981); galaxie M81 a M82 sú hneď za uchom Medvedice. Gem je podobný prípad. Cam sa zdá byť hore nohami vzhľadom na mytologickú postavu, ale hviezdy HIP 29997 a 33694 sú v skutočnosti jasnejšie.
    
    ### Aktualizácie
    
    Verzia 1.0 pre Stellarium 0.13.1
    
    Ďalšie aktualizácie by mali byť dostupné na [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Miroslav Broz
sk: Miroslav Brož

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture name
en: Modern (IAU)
sk: Moderná (IAU)

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#4] still in use today.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#5] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#6], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#4].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#1]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    #### Constellation Figures
    
    In star maps it is common to mark line "patterns" that represent the shapes that give the name to the constellations. However, the IAU defines a constellation by its boundary (indicated by sky coordinates) and not by its pattern and the same constellation may have several variants in its representation.
    
    This sky culture uses constellation figures were produced in collaboration with "Sky and Telescope" magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg) and published at IAU official website [#1]. Alan MacRobert's constellation patterns, were influenced by those of H. A. Rey but in many cases were adjusted to preserve earlier traditions.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#7] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
    
    ### Proper names of deep-sky objects
    
    Uranometria 2000.0 is an atlas of the 2000.0 era starry sky prepared by the Dutch artist Wil Tirion and published in 1987 by the American publishing house Willmann-Bell, specializing in astronomical literature.
    
    The Atlas of Tirion, respected by astronomers for its accuracy and beauty, is provided with detailed tables and various indexes. The second volume contains three transparent overlays designed for precise measurements. Uranometria 2000.0 contains more than 280,000 stars and more than 30,000 deep-sky objects - in particular, all the objects of the Messier and NGC catalogs.
    
    The second (corrected and most complete) three-volume edition of "Uranometria 2000.0", was published in 2001 under the name "Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" and contains 280035 stars of both hemispheres up to 9.75<sup>m</sup> in size on a scale of 1.85 cm per declination degree on 220 spreads of A3 format. Particular attention in the atlas is paid to deep-sky objects, there are more than 30 thousand of them in the second edition - many times more than in any other paper atlas.
    
    The third volume of "Uranometria 2000.0" is a guide to deep-sky objects - Deep Sky Field Guide, consisting of tables with scientific data and proper names on objects depicted in the first two volumes [#3].
sk: Moderná kultúra oblohy rozdeľuje nebeskú sféru na 88 oblastí rôznej veľkosti zvaných súhvezdia, každá s presnou hranicou určenou Medzinárodnou astronomickou úniou v roku 1922. Tieto súhvezdia sa stali štandardným spôsobom popisu oblohy a nahradili v každodennom používaní podobné sady v iných kultúrach.
    
    Súhvezdia, ktoré sa dnes používajú, sú založené hlavne na starovekých gréckych súhvezdiach popísaných v 2. stor. n.l. Ptolemaiom v jeho diele Almagest. V nasledujúcich storočiach bolo dielo preložené z gréčtiny do arabčiny (6.-9. storočie) a neskôr do stredovekej latinčiny. V arabčine (viac, než v latinčine) boli Ptolemaiove obrazce obohatené o domorodé arabské súhvezdia a mená hviezd.
    
    V 16.-18. storočí navrhli európski astronómovia nové súhvezdia, aby vyplnili medzery medzi severnými súhvezdiami (napr. súhvezdie "Rys" pre oblasť blízku Veľkej medvedici, ale s tak slabými hviezdami, že potrebujete oči rysa, aby ste ich videli) a tiež vytvorili nové súhvezdia na južnej časti oblohy, ktoré Ptolemaios nemohol vidieť. Tieto nové súhvezdia boli väčšinou pomenované podľa nových technických vynálezov ranej modernej doby (napr. chemická pec, balón, výveva) alebo exotických zvierat (napr. chameleón, tukan, rajka). Medzi nimi niekoľko súhvezdí pomenovaných so zreteľom na politiku na počesť istých kráľov alebo mecenášov.
    
    Začiatkom 20. storočia sa IAU (medzinárodná astronomická únia) zamerala na veľké upratovanie: v roku 1922 oficiálne prijala zoznam 88 mien súhvezdí. V roku 1928 tiež presne zadefinovala hranice súhvezdí [#4] používané dodnes.
    
    ### Súhvezdia
    
    Tieto súhvezdia sú založené hlavne na Ptolemaiovskej tradícii, ktorá sa používala aj vo všetkých troch abrahámskych náboženstvách a je tak spoločná pre Blízky východ, Európu a jej kolónie na iných kontinentoch. Ale medzi starovekými gréckymi súhvezdiami boli medzery so slabými hviezdami, ktoré nepatrili žiadnemu súhvezdiu.[#5] V modernej dobe navrhovali viacerí astronómovia obrazce súhvezdí, ktoré by tieto medzery zaplnili. Medzi nimi aj niekoľko politických súhvezdí na počesť konkrétnym kráľom alebo mecenášom. Na konci 19. storočia sa vedecká astronomická komunita podujala na veľké upratovanie, aby sa vyhla nejasnostiam pri priraďovaní hviezd súhvezdiam.
    
    V roku 1922 schválila IAU zoznam 88 mien súhvezdí a ich oficiálne trojpísmenové skratky. Jediným politickým súhvezdím, ktoré ostalo, je Štít, teda štít poľského kráľa, ale už bez zmienky o tomto politickom prepojení. Belgický kňaz E. Delporte dostal za úlohu zadefinovať hranice súhvezdí podľa súradníc. Prácu dokončil v roku 1928 na základe atlasu z Argentíny [#6] a IAU prijala jeho rozdelenie [#4].
    
    Tieto "súhvezdia" sú holé oblasti oblohy bez akýchkoľvek paličkových obrazcov alebo obrázkov [#1]. Hranice jednoducho sledujú čiary rektascenzie a deklinácie z epochy 1875,0. Precesia spôsobuje postupný odklon od pôvodne pravoúhlej mriežky. Tieto súhvezdia sa stali štandardným spôsobom popisu oblohy a masívne nahradili v každodennom používaní podobné sady v iných kultúrach.
    
    #### Obrázce súhvezdí
    
    Vo hviezdnych mapách je bežné značiť "čiarové vzory", ktoré predstavujú tvar, ktorý dal meno súhvezdiu. Ale IAU definuje súhvezdia podľa ich hraníc (naznačené súradnicami) a nie podľa vzoru. To isté súhvezdie môže mať rôzne podoby zobrazenia.
    
    Táto kultúra oblohy používa obrazce súhvezdí vytvorené v spolupráci s časopisom "Sky and Telescope" (Roger Sinnott a Rick Fienberg) a vydaných na oficiálnej stránke IAU [#1]. Čiarové vzory Alana MacRobertsa boli ovplyvnené vzorcami H. A. Reya, ale v mnohých prípadoch sú upravené, aby zachovávali skoršie tradície.
    
    ### Vlastné mená hviezd
    
    Ptolemaiov hviezdny katalóg mal formu tabuľkových zoznamov s popisom polohy hviezdy v obrazci súhvezdia, ekliptickými súradnicami a hviezdnou veľkosťou, napr.: "Hviezda na špičke chvosta Malého medveďa", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    Vo väčšine prípadov sa mená hviezdy vyvinuli cez systematické skracovanie popisov astronómami. Napr. prvý astronóm skrátil text na "špic chvosta", ďalší nakreslil mapu s menej miestom na popis a vedľa hviezdy zaznačil len "chvost" a toto meno jej už zostalo. Počas storočí boli tieto preklady preložené do arabčiny, latinčiny a v niektorých prípadoch sa pomýlil prekladateľ alebo pisár, pretože nesprávne prečítal, či zapísal arabské slovo (napr. arabsky "yad al guza", ruka obrej ženy, bola spotvorená na bežný termín "Betelgeuse").
    
    Ale je v ňom spomenutých aj niekoľko originálnych gréckych mien, ako napríklad červená hviezda "Antares", protivník Áresa (Marsu) a dokonca aj pár pôvodne babylonských termínov, ako "Shargaz", Žihadlo, v Škorpiónovi. Naše moderné mená hviezd IAU [#7] sú obnovenou zmeskou s vplyvom neptolemaiovských kultúr oblohy a dokonca s politicky vyžiadanými dodatkami, napr. tradičné čínske meno Pingsing hviezdy v Hydre (jeho význam je len "hviezda", pripomienka jej osamelej polohy), alebo novoprijaté mená z polynézskej, havajskej, či aborigénskej kultúry pre mená hviezd s exoplanétami.
    
    IAU je jediná vedecky akceptovaná autorita, ktorá prideľuje mená hviezd. Komerčné využitie vo forme "registrov mien hviezd", ktoré predávajú hviezdy ako pamiatkové darčeky, predávajú len potlačený zdrap papiera. Tieto mená nie sú schválené a nikdy nebudú vedecky používané.
    
    ### Vlastné mená objektov hlbokého vesmíru
    
    Uranometria 2000,0 je atlas hviezdnej oblohy pre epochu 2000,0 pripravený holandským umelcom Wilom Tirionom a vydaný v r. 1987 americkým vydavateľstvom Willmann-Bell, ktoré sa špecializuje na astronomickú literatúru.
    
    Astronómovia rešpektujú Tirionov atlas pre jeho presnosť a krásu, doplnené detailné tabuľky a rôzne indexy. Druhá časť obsahuje aj priesvitné fólie navrhnuté pre presné merania. Uranometria 2000,0 obsahuje viac ako 280 000 hviezd a viac ako 30 000 objektov hlbokého vesmíru - konkrétne objekty z Messierovho a NGC katalógu.
    
    Druhé (upravené a doplnené) vydanie trojdielnej "Uranometrie 2000,0" vyšlo v r. 2001 pod názvom "Uranometria 2000,0 Deep Sky Atlas" a obsahuje 280035 hviezd oboch nebeských pologúľ až do 9,75<sup>m</sup> v mierke 1,85 cm pre stupeň deklinácie na 220-tich hárkoch formátu A3. Zvláštna pozornosť bola venovaná objektom hlbokého vesmíru, ktorých je v druhom vydaní viac ako 30 tisíc - mnohokrát viac, ako v iných papierových atlasoch.
    
    Tretí diel "Uranometrie 2000,0" je sprievodcom pre objekty hlbokého vesmíru - Deep Sky Field Guide, pozostávajúci z tabuliek s vedeckými údajmi a vlastnými menami objektov zobrazených v prvých dvoch dieloch [#3].

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture name
en: Modern (H.A. Rey)
sk: Moderná (H.A. Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown connected with line patterns ("stick figures"), which however appear sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning stargazers in the middle of the 20th century.
sk: V 19. storočí vyšlo z módy používanie nových edícií bohato ilustrovaných atlasov s prepychovými rezbami mytologických postáv. Hviezdy súhvezdí v atlasoch tej doby sa začali zobrazovať spojené do čiarových vzorov ("paličkové postavy"), ktoré však vyzerali, že boli použité len na znázornenie, ktorá hviezda patrí do ktorého súhvezdia. Počas niekoľkých desaťročí sa prestali ponášať na postavy, podľa ktorých boli pomenované a pre začínajúcich pozorovateľov oblohy sa uprostred 20. storočia stali nezrozumiteľnými.

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his answer to this problem in 1952 with the book *The Stars - A New Way To See Them*[#1][#2].
    
    ### The Constellations
    
    In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey connected the stars of every constellation "in such a way that the resulting shape makes sense." What surprised him was "that nobody has done it before. The basic idea is so simple."
    
    Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey. If you switch to "Native" name display mode, you may see exactly the spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those included in the book.
    
    ### Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations
    
    Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of asterisms of the two Dippers and the "Great Square" (of Pegasus). However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For example,
    
     - Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (*Ursa Major*) to look like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown to walk around the pole in this orientation.
     - The Bull (*Taurus*), only the front of which is shown with long upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye *Aldebaran* now lies in its neck.
     - The head of *Hercules* is usually next to the head of *Ophiuchus*, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "keystone" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet.
     - The Whale (*Cetus*) has been turned around, its former mouth now forming a tail fin.
     - *Pegasus* exchanged feet and head.
     - *Bootes*, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)
    
    ### External links
    
     - [H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)
sk: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), umelec a spisovateľ detských kníh nemeckého pôvodu, ktorý emigroval do USA, vydal v r. 1952 knihu *Hviezdy - Nový spôsob, ako sa na ne pozerať*[#1][#2], ako svoju odpoveď na tento problém.
    
    ### Súhvezdia
    
    V tejto knihe, ktorá sa stala hlavne v USA veľmi populárna, Rey spojil hviezdy každého súhvezdia "takým spôsobom, aby výsledný obrazec dával zmysel." Prekvapilo ho, že "to nikto predtým neurobil. Základná myšlienka je taká jednoduchá."
    
    Reyove nové paličkové postavy naozaj umožňovali ľahko si predstaviť zobrazené súhvezdia. Jeho práca neobsahovala figuratívne kresby, preto táto kultúra hviezdnej oblohy obsahuje len jeho originálne paličkové postavy. Mená súhvezdí boli ním preložené do angličtiny. Ak si nastavíte režim zobrazenia na "Natívny", uvidíte priamo pôvodné názvy z jeho knihy. Hviezdy, ktoré sú tu zobrazené, sú obmedzené len na tie, z jeho knihy.
    
    ### Reyove obrazce a klasické súhvezdia
    
    Reyove súhvezdia sa pridržiavajú tradície západnej kultúry oblohy a popisujú 88 oficiálne uznaných súhvezdí, s pridaním asterizmov dvoch Vozov a Veľkého (pegasovho) štvorca. Napriek tomu sa niektoré Reyove obrazce odlišujú od kánonických postáv popisovaných už od Ptolemajovho Almagestu (2. stor. n.l.), kde boli okrem polôh hviezd v súhvezdiach zapísané aj ich mená. Napríklad:
    
     - Rey otočil obrazec Veľkej medvedice (*Ursa Major*), aby vyzeral, ako polárny medveď snoriaci za korisťou. Takto na jednej strane nemal zvyčajný problém vysvetliť jej dlhý chvost. Na druhej strane, medvedica v tejto orientácii nekráča okolo pólu.
     - Býk (*Taurus*). V zvyčajných zobrazeniach je naznačený len predok so vztýčenými rohmi, tu je celé telo vrátane chvosta a rohy sa rozširujú podobne, ako u bizónov. Jeho jasné oko *Aldebaran* teraz leží v jeho krku.
     - Hlava *Herkula* je zvyčajne blízko hlavy *Hadonosa* a štyri hviezdy, známe ako základný kameň, tvoria jeho telo. Rey jeho hlavu vytvoril zo základného kameňa a hviezdy, ktoré zvyčajne tvoria hlavu hrdinu, sú teraz jednou z jeho nôh.
     - Veľryba (*Cetus*) bola otočená, jej bývalá hlava tvorí teraz chvostovú plutvu.
     - *Pegas* má vymenené nohy a hlavu.
     - *Bootes*, pastier je zobrazený sediaci a fajčiaci fajku (ani stopa politickej korektnosti v detskej knihe z päťdesiatich rokov minulého storočia... :-)
    
    ### Externé zdroje
    
     - [H.A.Rey (anglická Wikipédia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the 41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti.
sk: Táto kultúra hviezdnej oblohy bývala dlho ľahko užívateľsky inštalovateľným príkladom doplnku od Mikea Richardsa. Georg Zotti ju prepracoval podľa 41. vydania a doplnil popisom.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sky & Telescope)
sk: Moderná (Sky & Telescope)

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & Telescope magazine.
sk: Moderná kultúra oblohy je medzinárodné používaná astronómami a je oficiálnou schémou Medzinárodnej astronomickej únie. Má historické korene v starovekej gréckej astronómii s vplyvom islamskej astronómie. Obrazce súhvezdí a mená hviezd pochádzajú z definícií Sky & Telescope a mali by byť povedomé používateľom Vreckového atlasu oblohy Sky & Telescope, Atlasu oblohy 2000,0 a obrázkom z časopisu Sky & Telescope.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: The modern culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called *constellations*, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines for Microscopium or Mensa.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in the included *SnT_star_names.docx* file.
sk: Moderná kultúra rozdeľuje nebeskú sféru na 88 oblastí rôznej veľkosti zvaných *súhvezdia*, každá s presnou hranicou, určenou Medzinárodnou astronomickou úniou. Tieto súhvezdia sa stali štandardným spôsobom popisu oblohy, nahradili v dennom používaní podobné sady v iných kultúrach.
    
    Poznámka: Kultúra oblohy Sky & Telescope neobsahuje čiary súhvezdí pre Mikroskop a Stolovú horu.
    
    ### mená hviezd
    
    Metóda na určenie mien hviezd používaná Sky & Telescope je detailne popísaná v priloženom súbore *SnT_star_names.docx*.

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sternenkarten)
sk: Moderná (Sternenkarten)

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Kunitzsch, P.; Smart T. (2006). "A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations" (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
     - [#2]: Allen, R. H. (1963). "Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning" (rep. ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
     - [#3]: [2000, A&AS, 143, 9, "The SIMBAD astronomical database", Wenger et al.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A%26AS..143....9W)
     - [#4]: [Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released](http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1514/)
     - [#5]: [STARS by Jim Kaler, Prof. Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sowlist.html)
     - [#6]: [IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN)](http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt)
     - [#7]: [Covington, Michael (2002). "Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes: Practical Amateur Astronomy". Cambridge University Press.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ql7wLq1fP5QC&pg=PA209)
     - [#8]: ["61 Cyg (Piazzi's Flying Star)". Science&Space News. Retrieved June 1, 2015.](http://news.sky-map.org/starview?object_type=1&object_id=2282&object_name=HD+201091&locale=EN)
     - [#9]: [Kruger 60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_60)
     - [#10]: [List of Named Stars in Alphabetical Order](http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/starname_list.html)
     - [#11]: [Jack W. Rhoads (1971). "Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars", Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; November 15, 1971](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720005197)
     - [#12]: [IAU Naming Stars](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/)
     - [#13]: [Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)](http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=V/50)
     - [#14]: Piazzi, G, ed. (1814). "Praecipuarum Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediae Ineunte Saeculo XIX: ex Observationibus Habitis in Specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1813". Palermo. p. 21.
     - [#15]: Kunitzsch, P. (1959). "Arabische Sternnamen in Europa". Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 155.
     - [#16]: Laffitte, R. (2005). "Héritages arabes: Des noms arabes pour les étoiles" (2éme revue et corrigée ed.). Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geunthner / Les Cahiers de l'Orient. p. 229.
     - [#17]: Burritt, E. H. (1835). "Atlas, Designed to Illustrate the Geography of the Heavens" (new ed.). New York: F. J. Huntington. plate III.
     - [#18]: Burnham, Robert Jr. (1978, 1979). "Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System", Vol. 1, 2, 3. NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486235677, 978-0486235684, 978-0486236735
     - [#19]: [Iota Ursae Majoris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Ursae_Majoris)
     - [#20]: [Falkner, David E. (2011). "The Mythology of the Night Sky: An Amateur Astronomer's Guide to the Ancient Greek and Roman Legends", Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy, Springer. ISBN 1-4614-0136-4](https://books.google.com/books?id=tyj8UUE968wC)
     - [#21]: Peters, C. A. F. (1853). "On the Parallax of Argelander's Star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 14, p.49. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/14.2.49
     - [#22]: Maddocks, Hugh C. (1991). "Deep-Sky Name Index 2000.0". Foxon-Maddocks Associates. ISBN 0-9628305-0-X.
     - [#23]: Josef Klepesta, Antonin Rukl (1977). "Constellations: A concise guide in colour". ISBN 0600008932.
     - [#24]: Oswald Thomas (1945). "Atlas der Sternbilder". Salzburg.
     - [#25]: Fred Schaaf (2019). "An Assortment of Asterisms". Sky & Telescope, p.45 (Nov 2019)
     - [#26]: Gary Seronik (2017). "Binocular Highlights Revised & Expanded: 109 Celestial Sights for Binocular Users". F W Publications Inc. ISBN 9781940038445
     - [#27]: Tony Flanders (2019). "Constellation Close-up: Centaurus and Crux". Sky & Telescope, pp.22-27 (Apr 2019).
     - [#28]: Sue French (2019). "Deep-Sky Wonders: Heavenly Hero". Sky & Telescope, pp.54-56 (Jul 2019).
     - [#29]: [Software Bisque: A Complete List of Asterisms](https://www.bisque.com/tom/asterisms/list.asp)
     - [#30]: [University of Northern Iowa, EARTHSCI 1100 - Astronomy, Asterisms.](https://sites.uni.edu/morgans/astro/asterisms.html)
     - [#31]: [Horvatin - Obsolete Constellations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University.](https://web.pa.msu.edu/people/horvatin/Astronomy_Facts/obsolete_pages/triangulum_minor.htm)
     - [#32]: [Donald H. Menzel (1964). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets by Donald H. Menzel, Collins books - St. James's Place, London. ISBN: 0395934311, ISBN13: 9780395934319](http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/menzel-fieldguide.pdf)
     - [#33]: [James B. (Jim) Kaler. Professor Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois.](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/6tri.html)
     - [#34]: [Astronomy Club of Tulsa - Observer, December 2008.](http://www.astrotulsa.com/cms_files/200812.pdf)
     - [#35]: [Baylor University, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Astronomy observing log.](http://cs.baylor.edu/~hamerly/personal/astro/log.html)
     - [#36]: [IAU100 NameExoWorlds](http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/)
     - [#37]: [The Washington Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)](https://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=B/wds)
     - [#38]: [Patrick Moore, Paul Doherty, H. J. P. Arnold, The Photographic Atlas of the Stars, CRC Press LLC, 1999. ISBN 0750306548](https://books.google.com/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false)
sk:  - [#1]: Kunitzsch, P.; Smart T. (2006). "A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations" (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
     - [#2]: Allen, R. H. (1963). "Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning" (rep. ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
     - [#3]: [2000, A&AS, 143, 9, "The SIMBAD astronomical database", Wenger et al.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A%26AS..143....9W)
     - [#4]: [Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released](http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1514/)
     - [#5]: [STARS by Jim Kaler, Prof. Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sowlist.html)
     - [#6]: [Katalóg mien hviezd IAU (IAU-CSN)](http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt)
     - [#7]: [Covington, Michael (2002). "Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes: Practical Amateur Astronomy". Cambridge University Press.](https://books.google.com/books?id=ql7wLq1fP5QC&pg=PA209)
     - [#8]: ["61 Cyg (Piazzi's Flying Star)". Science&Space News. Retrieved June 1, 2015.](http://news.sky-map.org/starview?object_type=1&object_id=2282&object_name=HD+201091&locale=EN)
     - [#9]: [Kruger 60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_60)
     - [#10]: [Zoznam pomenovaných hviezd v abecednom poradí](http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/starname_list.html)
     - [#11]: [Jack W. Rhoads (1971). "Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars", Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; November 15, 1971](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720005197)
     - [#12]: [IAU Naming Stars](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/)
     - [#13]: [Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)](http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=V/50)
     - [#14]: Piazzi, G, ed. (1814). "Praecipuarum Stellarum Inerrantium Positiones Mediae Ineunte Saeculo XIX: ex Observationibus Habitis in Specula Panormitana ab anno 1792 ad annum 1813". Palermo. p. 21.
     - [#15]: Kunitzsch, P. (1959). "Arabische Sternnamen in Europa". Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 155.
     - [#16]: Laffitte, R. (2005). "Héritages arabes: Des noms arabes pour les étoiles" (2éme revue et corrigée ed.). Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geunthner / Les Cahiers de l'Orient. p. 229.
     - [#17]: Burritt, E. H. (1835). "Atlas, Designed to Illustrate the Geography of the Heavens" (new ed.). New York: F. J. Huntington. plate III.
     - [#18]: Burnham, Robert Jr. (1978, 1979). "Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System", Vol. 1, 2, 3. NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486235677, 978-0486235684, 978-0486236735
     - [#19]: [Iota Ursae Majoris (wikipédia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Ursae_Majoris)
     - [#20]: [Falkner, David E. (2011). "The Mythology of the Night Sky: An Amateur Astronomer's Guide to the Ancient Greek and Roman Legends", Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy, Springer. ISBN 1-4614-0136-4](https://books.google.com/books?id=tyj8UUE968wC)
     - [#21]: Peters, C. A. F. (1853). "On the Parallax of Argelander's Star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 14, p.49. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/14.2.49
     - [#22]: Maddocks, Hugh C. (1991). "Deep-Sky Name Index 2000.0". Foxon-Maddocks Associates. ISBN 0-9628305-0-X.
     - [#23]: Josef Klepesta, Antonin Rukl (1977). "Constellations: A concise guide in colour". ISBN 0600008932.
     - [#24]: Oswald Thomas (1945). "Atlas der Sternbilder". Salzburg.
     - [#25]: Fred Schaaf (2019). "An Assortment of Asterisms". Sky & Telescope, p.45 (Nov 2019)
     - [#26]: Gary Seronik (2017). "Binocular Highlights Revised & Expanded: 109 Celestial Sights for Binocular Users". F W Publications Inc. ISBN 9781940038445
     - [#27]: Tony Flanders (2019). "Constellation Close-up: Centaurus and Crux". Sky & Telescope, pp.22-27 (Apr 2019).
     - [#28]: Sue French (2019). "Deep-Sky Wonders: Heavenly Hero". Sky & Telescope, pp.54-56 (Jul 2019).
     - [#29]: [Software Bisque: A Complete List of Asterisms](https://www.bisque.com/tom/asterisms/list.asp)
     - [#30]: [University of Northern Iowa, EARTHSCI 1100 - Astronomy, Asterisms.](https://sites.uni.edu/morgans/astro/asterisms.html)
     - [#31]: [Horvatin - Obsolete Constellations, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University.](https://web.pa.msu.edu/people/horvatin/Astronomy_Facts/obsolete_pages/triangulum_minor.htm)
     - [#32]: [Donald H. Menzel (1964). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets by Donald H. Menzel, Collins books - St. James's Place, London. ISBN: 0395934311, ISBN13: 9780395934319](http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/menzel-fieldguide.pdf)
     - [#33]: [James B. (Jim) Kaler. Professor Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois.](http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/6tri.html)
     - [#34]: [Astronomy Club of Tulsa - Observer, December 2008.](http://www.astrotulsa.com/cms_files/200812.pdf)
     - [#35]: [Baylor University, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Astronomy observing log.](http://cs.baylor.edu/~hamerly/personal/astro/log.html)
     - [#36]: [IAU100 NameExoWorlds](http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/)
     - [#37]: [The Washington Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)](https://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=B/wds)
     - [#38]: [Patrick Moore, Paul Doherty, H. J. P. Arnold, The Photographic Atlas of the Stars, CRC Press LLC, 1999. ISBN 0750306548](https://books.google.com/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false)

note: Mongolian sky culture name
en: Mongolian
sk: Mongolská

note: Mongolian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* by Jean-Paul Roux (French). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.
sk:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* od Jean-Paul Roux (Francúzsky). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.

note: Mongolian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, **Anthony Lagain** (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and **Batiste Rousseau** (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in Mongolia. To learn more about them: [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (in French).
sk:  Táto kultúra oblohy je spoločným dielom dvoch užívateľov Stellaria, **Anthonyho Lagaina** (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) a **Batistea Rousseaua** (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com), založená hlavne na ústnych príbehoch mnohých Mongolov, ktorých sme stretli počas dvojmesačného pobytu v Mongolsku. Aby ste sa o nich mohli dozvedieť viac: [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (po francúzsky).

note: Navajo sky culture name
en: Navajo
sk: Navažská

note: Navajo sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
sk: Navahovia sú najväčším domorodým americkým kmeňom v Spojených štátoch; Národ Navahov sa nachádza v severovýchodnej Arizone, juhovýchodnom Utahu a severozápadnom Novom Mexiku.

note: Navajo sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Navajo Nation](http://www.navajo.org) official website
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)
sk:  - [#1]: [The Navajo Nation](http://www.navajo.org) oficiálna stránka
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)

note: Navajo sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book **Star Trails-Navajo** by Don Childrey.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridala *Karrie Berglundová* z Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. založenú hlavne na knihe **Star Trails-Navajo** od Dona Childreya.

note: Norse sky culture name
en: Norse
sk: Škandinávska

note: Norse sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Norse Constellations](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)
sk:  - [#1]: [Škandinávske súhvezdia](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)

note: Norse sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridal do Stellaria *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se

note: Northern Andes sky culture name
en: Northern Andes
sk: Severoandská

note: Northern Andes sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the changes that affect living beings.
sk: Severné Andy majú komplexné laboratórium, ktoré nás učí o rôznych vedách, o ktorých ľudstvo premýšľalo počas histórie; začínajúc pozorovaním viacerých prvkov, ktoré nás obklopujú, v snahe zabezpečiť prežitie druhu a rodu, sa ľudia naučili chápať signály, ktoré nám neustále vysielajú vesmír, rastliny, zvieratá, klíma a iné prvky. Múdri sa potom naučili varovať pred zmenou, ktorá ovplyvňuje živé bytosti.

note: Northern Andes sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars.
    
    The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these "cosmic mirrors" and analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially decoded.
    
    Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:
    
    ### The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)
    
    When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north) and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled (more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons.
    
    According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos "the Indians knew the leap years"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime (12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in time thanks to the "Date / Time Window" from year to year and we will notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start the cycle again.
    
    ### Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes.
    
    We consider that by means of "stellar mirrors" the sages could register the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms.
    
    #### March Equinox
    
    **"Antonio Quinatoa" Cross:** At dusk the first stars to appear are: Sirius - Procyon - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named "Antonio Quinatoa". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle.
    
    #### September Equinox
    
    **Molestina Triangle:** The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - Antares who make up the triangle named "Molestina"
    
    **Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:** Thanks to the hard work in the registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation named "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", cosmic set that accompanies the image of the "Mono Andino", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of the female equinox.
    
    #### June Solstice
    
    **South Cross:** The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the "Southern Cross".
    
    #### December Solstice
    
    **The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:** The most outstanding stars in the evening of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi - κ Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December solstice It is in an East - West direction.
    
    The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms (diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle, apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in the dark constellations.
    
    ### The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations.
    
    #### The Milky Way
    
    Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the "Muyun" for many peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent.
    
    Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or stars; the astral beings are housed in the "dark spots" existing in the brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding constellation in each "visible end" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent.
    
    Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:
    
    #### Dark Constellations
    
    |Image|Description|
    |-----|-----------|
    |<img src="illustrations/jaguar.png" width="100" height="107" />|Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, also called "Wilca" or "Otorongo", indicates the arrival of the crops of tender grains.|
    |<img src="illustrations/mono.png" width="100" height="107" />|Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural processes.|
    |<img src="illustrations/sapo.png" width="100" height="107" />|Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The "Hampatu" is the animal that has several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead.|
    |<img src="illustrations/guerrero.png" width="100" height="107" />|Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as "the Man and the Spear" or "The Dancer", the constellation governs the December solstice.|
sk: Aby sme mohli zopakovať merania v andských pozorovateľniach predkov, navrhujeme použitie kontajneru so širokým otvorom, ktorý bude vonku správne umiestnený a zarovnaný. Naplníme ho vodou, aby sme vytvorili hviezdne zrkadlo. V odraze oblohy mohli mudrci obdivovať a zaznamenávať pohyby slnka, mesiaca, planét aj hviezd.
    
    Simulátor Stellarium nám umožňuje znovu vytvoriť tieto "vesmírne zrkadlá" a analyzovať špecifickú hviezdnu dynamiku, ktorú možno pozorovať v severných Andách - rovnako ako mudrci po tisícročie trpezlivého pozorovania. Tieto bytosti zaznamenali vesmírne pohyby do predhispánskej dedičstva andských národov a vytvorili grafické konfigurácie, ktoré boli začiatkom 21. storočia čiastočne rozlúštené po množstve spoločnej práce viacerých výskumníkov viacerých generácií.
    
    Tu rozpovieme, čo sme o rovníkovej oblohe zistili:
    
    ### Slnko (Punčao o Wilka)
    
    Keď sa nachádzame v strede planéty, je zdanlivý pohyb vykonávaný Slnkom na ročnej púti ekvidištančný a proporčný. Všetky body rovnodennosti prechádzajú stredom oblohy, počas júnového slnovratu pôjde (severne) najjužnejšou trasou a počas decembrového slnovratu pôjde (južne) najsevernejšou trasou. Tieto prírodné javy označujú štyri hlavné oslavy, ktoré oslavujú špecifickú časť poľnohospodárskeho kalendára, pretože sú to body prechodu medzi klimatickými obdobiami.
    
    Podľa koloniálneho kronikára Juana de Betanzosa "poznali Indiáni prestupný rok"; vďaka výskumu Gustava Guayasamína bol identifikovaný cyklický pohyb slnka na štvorročnom intervale. Aby ho bolo možné pozorovať, navrhujeme nastaviť sa počas marcovej rovnodennosti (približne 21. deň v Gregoriánskom kalendári) počas slnečného poludnia (12:20 občianskeho času v roku 2018). Potom sa s použitím okna "Dátum a čas" môžeme posúvať z roka na rok a zbadáme, ako sa slnko pohybuje. Do pôvodnej polohy, kedy pozorovanie začalo, sa navráti s periódou štyri roky. Napríklad: Začneme v roku 2016, v roku 2017 sa pohybuje voči pozorovateľovi doľava, v roku 2018 a 2019 pokračuje a v roku 2020 sa vráti do pôvodnej polohy; potom cyklus začne znovu.
    
    ### Jasné súhvezdia, asterizmy a vodiace čiary v Andách.
    
    Uvažujme, že s pomocou "hviezdnych zrkadiel" mohli mudrci pozorovať hviezdnu premávku. Skrz toto pozorovanie si všimli, že počas súmraku v každej rovnodennosti a slnovratu sa na oblohe objavuje špecifická hviezda, ako keby mala označovať zmenu počasia, ktorej sme vystavení. Tieto kozmické signály boli preto zaznamenávané v andskom predhispánskom dedičstve a dali vzniknúť andským geometrickým formám.
    
    #### Marcová rovnodennosť
    
    **Kríž "Antonia Quinatou":** za súmraku sa objavia prvé hviezdy: Sírius - Prokyón - Rigel - Betelgeuse, ktoré tvoria kríž pomenovaný "Antonio Quinatoa". Je to súhvezdie, ktoré riadi mužský cyklus.
    
    #### Septembrová rovnodennosť
    
    **Trojuholník Molestina:** prvé hviezdy, ktoré sa objavia sú Altair - Vega - Antares a tvoria trojuholník zvaný "Molestina"
    
    **Súhvezdie Daniela Alejandra Ayala:** Vďaka tvrdej práci pri registrácii dizajnu, sme identifikovali jasné súhvezdie pomenované "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", kozmickú sústavu, ktorá sprevádza obraz "Mono Andino", a objaví sa v strede oblohy počas súmraku pri ženskej rovnodennosti.
    
    #### Júnový slnovrat
    
    **Južný kríž:** Najvýraznejšie hviezdy večer počas letného slnovratu na severnej pologuli sú: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis and μ Crucis, ktoré tvoria "Južný kríž".
    
    #### Decembrový slnovrat
    
    **Šíp “Jorgeho Trujilla”:** Najjasnejšie hviezdy večer počas zimného slnovratu na severnej pologuli sú Caph - Shedar - Navi - κ Cas, sú časťou západného súhvezdia Kasiopeja, výsledný tvar pripomína tvar šípu, ktorý je na konci decembrového slnovratu vo východo-západnom smere.
    
    Priložili sme asterizmy, ktoré sú prvými hviezdami objavujúcimi sa na konci každej rovnodennosti a slnovratu. Rovnako ako súhvezdia, aj tieto základné tvary (kosoštvorec, štvorec, trojuholník, šíp) značia začiatok alebo koniec cyklu. Zdá sa, že ich ľudia objavili a zaznamenali pred tvarmi tmavých súhvezdí.
    
    ### Posvätné bytosti vesmíru. Tmavé súhvezdia.
    
    #### Mliečna cesta
    
    Naša planéta patrí do Galaxie Mliečna cesta, ktorej tvar je veľký disk s dvomi vypuklými ramenami. To spolu s rotáciou Zeme znamená, že večer počas rovnodenností a slnovratov môžeme obdivovať jej konkrétnu časť. Preto sa pre predkov stala signálom merania času. V Andách ju mnoho národov volalo "Muyun" a predstavovala veľkého životodarného plaza.
    
    Oproti západným súhvezdiam, tieto súhvezdia nie sú tvorené jasnými bodmi hviezd; astrálne bytosti sídlia v "tmavých škvrnách" existujúcich v jase Mliečnej cesty. V každom z otočných bodov na našej ročnej ceste okolo slnka (slnovraty a rovnodennosti) nájdeme sprievodné súhvezdie na každom z "viditeľných koncov" galaxie. Podobne ako pohyby mesiaca, či slnka, aj pohyby týchto súhvezdí znamenali v severných Andách začiatok a koniec konkrétnej poľnohospodárskej, občianskej, plodnej, či oslavnej doby. Určovali osud bytostí, patril im rešpekt a obdiv tých, čo hľadali ich múdrosť. Tak sa na kontinente vytvorilo náboženské zmyšľanie podobné tomu o slnku alebo mesiaci.
    
    Tu popisujeme doteraz rozlúštené súhvezdia:
    
    #### Tmavé súhvezdia
    
    |Image|Description|
    |-----|-----------|
    |<img src="illustrations/jaguar.png" width="100" height="107" />|Estelina Quinatoa (Jaguár): Súhvezdie, ktoré ovláda mužský cyklus, tiež nazývané "Wilca" alebo "Otorongo", značí príchod úrody jemných zŕn.|
    |<img src="illustrations/mono.png" width="100" height="107" />|Mercedes Cotacachi (Opica): Súhvezdie, ktoré ovláda ženský cyklus, značí príchod dažďov a začiatok poľnohospodárskej výroby.|
    |<img src="illustrations/sapo.png" width="100" height="107" />|Hernán Crespo Toral (Žaba): "Hampatu" je živočích, ktorý má niekoľko štádií. Objavuje sa v noci počas júnového slnovratu a spája sa s kontaktom so svetom mŕtvych.|
    |<img src="illustrations/guerrero.png" width="100" height="107" />|Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (Bojovník): Známe aj ako "Muž a Kopija" alebo "Tanečník", toto súhvezdie vládne decembrovému slnovratu.|

note: Northern Andes sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of **the legacy of Ancestral Knowledge** protected and compiled by the **Clan Quinatoa, guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - Ecuador**
    .
    The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala Quinatoa in "Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught me"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration.
    
    The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book "Ancestral Representations and Colors of the Cosmos" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage of Ecuador).
sk: Tieto súhvezdia, asterizmy a merania sú súčasťou **dedičstva poznania predkov**, ktoré ochraňuje a zbiera **klan Quinatoa, strážčovia tisícročného poznania z údolia Lundauco v Imbabure, Ekvádore**
    .
    Informácie o hviezdach sú založené na štúdii Andrésa Alejandra Ayalau Quinatou "Tisícročná astronómia, čo ma naučili moji učitelia a predkovia". Na počítačovom spracovaní spolupracoval Servio Jr. Paladines.
    
    Prítomné ilustrácie sú inšpirované predhispánskym dizajnom národu Pasto, ktoré skúmala Estelina Quinatoa pre knihu "Dedičné zobrazenia a farby kozmu" (Ministerstvo kultúry a dedičstva Ekvádoru).

note: Romanian sky culture name
en: Romanian
sk: Rumunská

note: Romanian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three essential components.
    
    The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as an "exhibition" of agricultural tools used by peasants.
    
    The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a church.
    
    And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of Dacians mixing with the Romans.
    
    **Note**: in Western Constellation Orion there are four Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping.
sk: Rumunská ľudová hviezda mytológia má celkom vzato tri základné zložky.
    
    PRVÁ - dedičná pastiersko-roľnícka predkresťanská, v ktorej sa na oblohu nazerá ako na poľnohospodárske hodiny pre konkrétne aktivity a ako "výstavu" roľníckeho náradia používaného sedliakmi.
    
    DRUHÁ zložka - novšia - zodpovedá šíreniu kresťanstva do geografickej oblasti Rumunska a na oblohe presúva prvky kresťanské s predkresťanskými. Súhvezdia sú priradené ku kozmogonickým a teologickým mýtom, takže obloha je skôr ako kostol.
    
    A TRETIA zložka - pôvod rumunského národa - premieta na oblohu spojenie sformovania národa (dobytie Dácie Rimanmi) cez dramatické scény z histórie premiešavania Dákov s Rimanmi.
    
    **Poznámka**: V západnom súhvezdí Orión sa nachádzajú štyri tradičné rumunské súhvezdia, ktoré sa prekrývajú.

note: Romanian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Website for Tradițional Romanian Constellation](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional Romanian Constellations](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [30 seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members
sk:  - [#1]: [Webstránka tradičných rumunských súhvezdí](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [On-line brožúrka v rumunčine a angličtine o 39 tradičných rumunských súhvezdiach](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [polminútové filmy urobené pomocou skriptov a s anglickými titulkami](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Rumuské sedliacke povery o hviezdach a oblohe – Anglický preklad textov prevzatých od Iona Ottescua](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    Ďakujeme členom SARM Andrejovi Dorianovi Gheorghemu a Alastairovi McBethovi.

note: Romanian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) on behalf of Baia Mare Planetarium, as a result of a project called *Traditional Romanian Constellations* primarily based on the book *Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky* by Ioan Otescu.
    
    The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies prepared by [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) and [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). Romanian constellation art done by Zamfir Somcutean.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridal používateľ Stellaria [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) na požiadanie Planetária Baia Mare, ako výsledok projektu s názvom *Tradičné rumunské súhvezdia* založenom hlavne na knihe Ioana Otescua *Rumunské roľnícke povery vo hviezdach a na oblohe*.
    
    Rumunské čiary súhvezdí, obrázky, skripty a texty pre filmy pripravené [Radu Lodinom](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) a [Ovidiom Ignatom](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). Obrázky rumunských súhvezdí pripravil Zamfir Somcutean.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture name
en: Russian (Siberian)
sk: Ruská (Sibírska)

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which typical for the whole of Siberia.
sk: Názvy súhvezdí sibírskych národov sú len veľmi slabo preštudované. Oblasť je obrovská a poznatky o súhvezdiach je ťažké spojiť do jedného obrazu. V tejto kultúre oblohy sú znázornené len špecifické mená a objekty, ktoré sú typické pre celú Sibír.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Milky Way
    
    The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., *Goose Road*) and the name of a later period (*Mamay Road*). The names of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names *Duck Nest* is the most common.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    In Siberia often used name for this constellation is *Elk* (although in Eastern Siberia the name "Bear" is used more frequently).
    
    ### Orion
    
    In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of his belt, who called *Kichigi* (the Threshers) - is typical for north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major constellation.
sk: ### Mliečna cesta
    
    Existuje značné množstvo názvov pre Mliečnu cestu, ale je možné ich rozlíšiť do dvoch skupín - mená z minulosti (napr. *Husia cesta*) a mená z neskoršieho obdobia (*Mamajova cesta*). Názvy z neskoršieho obdobia sú jasne spojené s pamiatkou na Mongolsko-Tatársky vpád do Ruska.
    
    ### Plejády
    
    Plejády majú mnoho mien, dokonca viac ako Mliečna cesta, ale všetky zo Sibíri je možné zredukovať na význam hviezdokopy ako vtáčieho hniezda. Medzi nimi je najčastejšie *Kačacie hniezdo*.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    Na Sibíri je častým menom pre toto súhvezdie *Los* (aj keď vo východnej Sibíri sa častejšie používa meno "Medveď").
    
    ### Orion
    
    Súhvezdie Orión je na Sibíri zvyčajne považované za tri hviezdy jeho pásu, ktoré sa volajú *Kičigi* (Mláťačky). Pre severovýchodné Rusko je typický obraz mláťačiek, ktoré stoja v rade. V európskej časti Ruska sa pod názvom Kičigi zvyčajne myslí súhvezdie Malý medveď.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s.
     - [#2]: Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: Knizhnyj dvor "LIBROKOM", 2011. - 192 s.
     - [#3]: Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s.
     - [#4]: Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s.
sk:  - [#1]: Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s.
     - [#2]: Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustaľnogo neba: Očerki po astraľnoj mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: Knižnyj dvor "LIBROKOM", 2011. - 192 s.
     - [#3]: Rut, M.E. Slovar astronimov. Zvezdnoje nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s.
     - [#4]: Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s.

note: Sami sky culture name
en: Sami
sk: Laponská

note: Sami sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More information can be found at [#1] and [#2].
sk: Laponci (Saamovia) sú považovaní za domorodú populáciu severného Nórska, Švédska, Fínska a západného Ruska (polostrov Kola). Viac informácií je možné nájsť na [#1] a v [#2].

note: Sami sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Sources
    
    Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark[#3], who based much of his work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi.
    
    This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may be small differences with some references.
    
    Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
    
    The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture was lost before it was recorded properly.
    
    ### Constellations and Stars
    
    The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant constellation, *Sarva* &mdash; the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for elk, an alternative name is *Sarvvis* &mdash; Bull elk. The origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before reindeer were domesticated.
    
    *Sarva* consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent hunters of the elk. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) is the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his bow and arrow (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim well, for if he hits the Sky Support *Boahjenaste* (the star Polaris), legend has it that the world will come to an end.
    
    Favdna has a number of helpers: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) and his sons *Gallabarneck* (Orion's belt), the "Ski Runners", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor and Pollux) and "The Runner" (Vega). The Pleiades are called *Rougot* (dog pack) or *Miese-cora* (calfpack).
    
    The Milky Way is called *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. bird path) or *Jakke-mærka* (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star *Guovso-naste*, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture).
    
    The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is frequently bright enough to obscure many stars.
    
    ### Notes
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>The exact star which represents *Galla* is uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.
sk: ### Zdroje
    
    Laponská kultúra pre Stellarium je založená na práci Bo Lundmarka *Bæi'vi mánno nástit* (Švédsky názov: *Sol- och månkult samt astrala och celesta föreställninga bland samerna* [*Slnko a Mesiac a hviezdne a nebeské koncepty u Laponcov*], 1982), ktorý postavil mnoho svojej práce na diele laponského spisovateľa a umelca Johana Turiho.
    
    Táto kultúra oblohy je konglomerát aspoň troch mierne odlišných kultúr juholaponského, severolaponského a ruského laponského národa. Každá z týchto skupín má trochu odlišný jazyk a v niektorých vyjadreniach môžu byť mierne rozdiely.
    
    Laponské súhvezdia je možné pozorovať na laponských artefaktoch, ktoré sa viažu k starému náboženstvu a naznačujú, že nočná obloha hrala v minulosti dôležitú kultúrnu úlohu pre laponské národy.
    
    Laponská kultúra oblohy má veľa spoločného s ostatnými arktickými a sub-arktickými kultúrami Eurázie. Jednou z nešťastných podobností je aj to, že sa mnoho z kultúry stratilo skôr, ako stihla byť zaznamenaná.
    
    ### Súhvezdia a hviezdy
    
    Laponské súhvezdia sú pravdepodobne veľmi staré, ale v písanej forme boli zaznamenané až v 19. storočí. Nie je isté, či je písaný záznam úplný. Súhvezdia a hviezdy, ktoré tu sú zahrnuté, sú spojené s dominantným súhvezdím, *Sarva* &mdash; Los. Sarva je laponské meno pre losa, alternatívne *Sarvvis* &mdash; Samec losa (býk). Pôvod tohto súhvezdia sa pravdepodobne datuje do starej kultúry lovcov predtým, ako boli domestifikované soby.
    
    *Sarva* sa skladá zo západných súhvezdí Kasiopeja, Perzeus a častí Povozníka. Súhvezdia a hviezdy, ktoré Sarvu obklopujú, predstavujú lovcov losa. *Favdna* (tiež písané aj *Favtna*) je hviezda Arktúr a predstavuje lovca, ktorý na losa mieri lukom a šípom (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; Veľký voz). Favdna musí dobre mieriť, lebo ak by trafil Pilier oblohy *Boahjenaste* (Polárku), legenda hovorí, že by sa svet skončil.
    
    Favdna má mnoho pomocníkov: *Galla* (Prokyón<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) a jeho synovia *Gallabarneck* (Pás Orióna), "Bežcov na lyžiach", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor a Pollux) a "Bežca" (Vega). Plejády sa nazývajú *Rougot* (svorka psov) alebo *Miese-cora* (teliatka).
    
    Mliečna cesta sa nazýva *Lodde-raiddaras* (dosl. cesta vtákov) alebo *Jakke-mærka* (dosl. značka roku). Použité meno závisí na ročnom období. V mape oblohy od Johana Turiho, môžeme vidieť hviezdu *Guovso-naste*, zorničku, ktorú možno identifikovať ako Venušu. To ale nie je isté, pretože je možné ju identifikovať aj ako Altair - hviezdu, ktorá sa objavuje pred príchodom rána (podobne ako Arktúr v Severskej kultúre oblohy).
    
    Laponská kultúra oblohy nemá veľký počet súhvezdí. To hlavne preto, že výskyt laponských národov je vo vysokých severných geografických šírkach. K tomu prispievajú dva faktory: južná obloha z veľkej časti ostáva stále pod obzorom a často sú viditeľné polárne žiare, ktoré sú dosť jasné na to, aby zahmlili mnohé hviezdy.
    
    ### Poznámky
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>Presná hviezda, ktorú predstavuje *Galla*, je neznáma. Pravdepodobne je to Prokyón, Rigel alebo Sírius. V tejto kultúre oblohy sme si vybrali Prokyón, pretože Sírius veľmi zle vidieť z geografických šírok, kde žijú Laponci.

note: Sami sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Website about Samis](http://www.eng.samer.se)
     - [#2]: [Article in Wikipedia about Sami people](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people)
     - [#3]: Bo Lundmark. Bæi'vi mánno nástit (Swedish title: Sol-och månkult samt astrala och celesta föreställningar bland samerna), Sun and Moon cult and astral and celestial concepts among the Sami, 1982.
sk:  - [#1]: [Webstránka o Saamoch](http://www.eng.samer.se)
     - [#2]: [Článok na Wikipedii o Saamoch](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people)
     - [#3]: Bo Lundmark. Bæi'vi mánno nástit (Švédsky názov: Sol-och månkult samt astrala och celesta föreställningar bland samerna), Kult slnka a mesiaca a hviezdne a nebeské koncepty u Saamov, 1982.

note: Samoan sky culture name
en: Samoan
sk: Samojská

note: Samoan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Formerly known as the *Navigator Islands*, the Samoan archipelago has been the launch site for countless ocean voyages since its settlement 3,000 years ago by the ancestors of today’s Polynesians. Like other Pacific Islander societies, the Samoans possessed an incredible body of astronomical knowledge, cultivated through generations of scientific observational study (tofāmamao). Over time, indigenous wayfinding science has been almost completely replaced by digital navigation technologies, but the names and stories attached to some celestial features have persisted through oral traditions and colonial era publications. Beside their value as nautical aids, the moon, stars, and planets also marked the lunar months, annual socioreligious festivals, and the timing of agricultural cycles.
sk: Súostrovie Samoa, predtým známe ako *Plavecké ostrovy*, bolo miestom nespočetných oceánskych plavieb od svojho osídlenia predkami dnešných Polynézanov pred asi 3000 rokmi. Podobne, ako aj iné spoločenstvá z ostrovov Tichého oceánu, aj Samojci mali neuveriteľné znalosti z astronómie, živené po generácie pozorovaním oblohy (tofāmamao). V priebehu času sa domorodá veda o hľadaní ciest takmer úplne nahradila digitálnou navigačnou technológiou, ale mená a príbehy spojené s niektorými nebeskými obrazcami prežili do dnes prostredníctvom ústnej tradície i knihami z koloniálnej éry. Mesiac, hviezdy a planéty nemali len využitie ako pomôcky pri navigácii, označovali aj lunárne mesiace, výročné socionáboženské festivaly a poľnohospodárske cykly.

note: Samoan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### General Terminology
    
    <dl>
      <dt><notr>fētū</notr></dt><dd>star</dd>
      <dt><notr>lā</notr></dt><dd>sun</dd>
      <dt><notr>māsina</notr></dt><dd>moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>lagi</notr></dt><dd>sky</dd>
      <dt><notr>fuifuifētū</notr></dt><dd>constellation ("star clusters")</dd>
      <dt><notr>ʻemoʻemo, ʻemaʻema</notr></dt><dd>twinkling</dd>
      <dt><notr>liʻo</notr></dt><dd>observed halo or reflective ring around star/moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>pupula</notr></dt><dd>light emitted by sun/star, reflected by moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>vānimonimo/vāteatea/vāuliuli</notr></dt><dd>outer space ("immeasurable space"/"expanse"/"dark void")</dd>
      <dt><notr>fētūafi/fētūlele/fētūatiafi</notr></dt><dd>meteor/shooting star ("fire star"/"flying star"/"fire-carrying star")</dd>
      <dt><notr>pusaloa</notr></dt><dd>comet ("smoke plume")</dd>
      <dt><notr>nuanua</notr></dt><dd>rainbow</dd>
      <dt><notr>sopolagi</notr></dt><dd>starpath/orbit</dd>
      <dt><notr>sila</notr></dt><dd>endpoint of starpath/orbit (point on the horizon where star/sun/moon/planet is seen to rise/set from)</dd>
      <dt><notr>maluopeaua</notr></dt><dd>the moment at which a star/moon/planet becomes visible at the horizon ("obscured in the sea mist")</dd>
      <dt><notr>goto/ifo/paʻū</notr></dt><dd>to set (descent of star/moon/sun/planet below the horizon)</dd>
      <dt><notr>oso/aʻe/fānaʻe/aufasa</notr></dt><dd>to rise (ascent of star/moon/sun /planet above the horizon)</dd>
      <dt><notr>fetāileliʻi</notr></dt><dd>navigational path formed by a series of constellations/stars rising in sequence</dd>
      <dt><notr>gasetoto</notr></dt><dd>solar eclipse</dd>
      <dt><notr>gaseʻeleʻele</notr></dt><dd>lunar eclipse</dd>
      <dt><notr>pulou</notr></dt><dd>zenith position</dd>
      <dt><notr>pale/faliu</notr></dt><dd>to descend from zenith position toward horizon</dd>
      <dt><notr>itūlagi</notr></dt><dd>spatial division of the sky/horizon</dd>
      <dt><notr>tafatafailagi</notr></dt><dd>horizon</dd>
      <dt><notr>tilotilo</notr></dt><dd>to catch a fleeting glance of star/moon during cloudy conditions</dd>
      <dt><notr>gālouluvao</notr></dt><dd>obstructed view of star/moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>lagivalea</notr></dt><dd>view of sky obstructed by clouds</dd>
      <dt><notr>fanoloa</notr></dt><dd>period of time when star/moon/planet is not visible</dd>
      <dt><notr>lagi e mamā/lagilelei/lagimā</notr></dt><dd>clear view of sky</dd>
      <dt><notr>mataʻaga</notr></dt><dd>the act of watching the sky for stars/signs</dd>
      <dt><notr>vaʻaiiliu</notr></dt><dd>to lay down in the hull to observe the sky above</dd>
      <dt><notr>fotu</notr></dt><dd>appearance of star/moon/sun/planet</dd>
      <dt><notr>galo</notr></dt><dd>disappearance of star/moon/sun/planet</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Planet Terminology
    
    <dl>
      <dt><notr>Tupualēgase</notr></dt><dd>("Undying Mystery") Jupiter; associated with the ritual observance of the Amo o Ātua iā Tupualēgase (the Ātua chiefdomʻs annual celebration of the deity Tupualēgase, who is embodied by the planet Jupiter).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Tapuʻitea</notr></dt><dd>("Forbidden Radiance") Venus; associated with the cannibal demigoddess Tapuʻitea who self-exiled herself to outer space to spare her son Toʻivā from her insatiable appetite; Toʻivā (abbreviation of Toʻivaitotonuoleʻatoatufuga) is also seen in the night sky as an adze-shaped constellation (Sickle of Leo); Venus is known to pass through Leo once (sometimes twice) a year, acknowledging the relationship between mother and son.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Fētūao</notr></dt><dd>("Morning Star") Venus when seen before sunrise; associated with the legend of Tapuʻitea.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Matamemea</notr></dt><dd>("Reddish Face/Surface") Mars.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Tāʻelo</notr></dt><dd>("Brownish") Mercury.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Fētūʻāsoa</notr></dt><dd>("Garland Star") Saturn.</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Star Terminology
    
    <dl>
      <dt><notr>Luatagata</notr></dt><dd>("Two Men") Alpha and Beta Centauri collectively; associated with the legend of Sumu (Crux, Southern Cross).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Filo/Mea</notr></dt><dd>Alpha and Beta Centauri individually (no distinction between the two); associated with the legend of Sumu (Crux, Southern Cross).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Suga/Pae</notr></dt><dd>M4 and M80 within Scorpius (no distinction between the two); associated with the legend of Toloa (head of Scorpius).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Fētūsolonuʻu</notr></dt><dd>("Gliding Star") Sirius; considered zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Fiji.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Telegese</notr></dt><dd>("Slow-Moving") Sirius; considered zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Fiji.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Taʻulua</notr></dt><dd>("Two Salutations") refers to Sirius during the part of the year when it is visible both at sunrise and sunset (thus "greeted twice" on the same day).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Taʻuluatuāfanua</notr></dt><dd>("Taʻulua Eastward") Sirius seen at sunrise.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Taʻuluaalofi</notr></dt><dd>("Taʻulua Westward") Sirius seen at sunset.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Aolele</notr></dt><dd>("Flying Cloud") Small Magellanic Cloud.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Aotea</notr></dt><dd>("Pale Cloud") Large Magellanic Cloud.</dd>
      <dt><notr>ʻAniva</notr></dt><dd>("Expanse") Milky Way.</dd>
    </dl>
sk: ### Všeobecná terminológia
    
    <dl>
      <dt>fētū</dt><dd>hviezda</dd>
      <dt>lā</dt><dd>slnko</dd>
      <dt>māsina</dt><dd>mesiac</dd>
      <dt>lagi</dt><dd>obloha</dd>
      <dt>fuifuifētū</dt><dd>súhvezdie ("hviezdokopy")</dd>
      <dt>ʻemoʻemo, ʻemaʻema</dt><dd>mihotavé</dd>
      <dt>liʻo</dt><dd>pozorované halo alebo reflexný prstenec okolo hviezdy/mesiaca</dd>
      <dt>pupula</dt><dd>svetlo vyžiarené slnkom/hviezdou, odrazené mesiacom</dd>
      <dt>vānimonimo/vāteatea/vāuliuli</dt><dd>vesmír ("nesmierny priestor"/"rozľahlosť"/"tmavá prázdnota")</dd>
      <dt>fētūafi/fētūlele/fētūatiafi</dt><dd>meteor/padajúca hviezda ("ohnivá hviezda"/"letiaca hviezda"/"ohnivá hviezda")</dd>
      <dt>pusaloa</dt><dd>kométa ("dymový chochol")</dd>
      <dt>nuanua</dt><dd>dúha</dd>
      <dt>sopolagi</dt><dd>cesta hviezdy/dráha</dd>
      <dt>sila</dt><dd>koniec hviezdnej cesty/dráhy (bod na obzore, kde hviezda/slnko/mesiac/planéta vychádza/zapadá)</dd>
      <dt>maluopeaua</dt><dd>okamih, kedy sa hviezda/mesiac/planéta stane na obzore viditeľnou ("zakrytá morskou hmlou")</dd>
      <dt>goto/ifo/paʻū</dt><dd>západ (zostup hviezdy/mesiaca/slnka/planéty pod obzor)</dd>
      <dt>oso/aʻe/fānaʻe/aufasa</dt><dd>východ (vzostup hviezdy/mesiaca/slnka/planéty nad obzor)</dd>
      <dt>fetāileliʻi</dt><dd>navigačná cesta tvorená sériou súhvezdí/hviezd, ktoré vychádzajú za sebou</dd>
      <dt>gasetoto</dt><dd>slnečné zatmenie</dd>
      <dt>gaseʻeleʻele</dt><dd>mesačné zatmenie</dd>
      <dt>pulou</dt><dd>zenitová poloha</dd>
      <dt>pale/faliu</dt><dd>zostúpenie zo zenitovej polohy smerom k obzoru</dd>
      <dt>itūlagi</dt><dd>priestorové rozdelenie oblohy/obzoru</dd>
      <dt>tafatafailagi</dt><dd>horizont</dd>
      <dt>tilotilo</dt><dd>zachytenie jemného odlesku hviezdy/mesiaca počas zamračenej oblohy</dd>
      <dt>gālouluvao</dt><dd>zastretý výhľad na hviezdu/mesiac</dd>
      <dt>lagivalea</dt><dd>pohľad na oblohu zatiahnutej oblakmi</dd>
      <dt>fanoloa</dt><dd>obdobie, kedy je hviezda/mesiac/planéta nepozorovateľná</dd>
      <dt>lagi e mamā/lagilelei/lagimā</dt><dd>čistý výhľad na oblohu</dd>
      <dt>mataʻaga</dt><dd>pozorovanie oblohy kvôli hviezdam/znameniam</dd>
      <dt>vaʻaiiliu</dt><dd>ľahnutie si do lode a pozorovanie oblohy</dd>
      <dt>fotu</dt><dd>objavenie sa hviezdy/mesiaca/slnka/planéty</dd>
      <dt>galo</dt><dd>zmiznutie hviezdy/mesiaca/slnka/planéty</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Názvoslovie planét
    
    <dl>
      <dt>Tupualēgase</dt><dd>("Nesmrteľná záhada") Jupiter; viaže sa k rituálu Amo o Ātua iā Tupualēgase (každoročná oslava Ātua-ského náčelníctva božstva Tupualēgase, ktorého stelesňuje planéta Jupiter).</dd>
      <dt>Tapuʻitea</dt><dd>("Zakázaná žiara") Venuša; viaže sa ku kanibalskej polobohyni Tapuʻitea, ktorá sama šla do vyhnanstva do vonkajšieho vesmíru, aby ušetrila svojho syna Toʻivā od jej nenásytného apetítu; Toʻivā (skratka z Toʻivaitotonuoleʻatoatufuga) je tiež vidieť na nočnej oblohe ako súhvezdie tvaru teslice (Kosák Leva); Venuša prechádza Levom raz (niekedy dvakrát) do roka uznávajúc vzťah medzi matkou a synom.</dd>
      <dt>Fētūao</dt><dd>("Ranná hviezda") Venuša, ktorú vidno pri východe slnka; viaže sa k legende o Tapuʻitea.</dd>
      <dt>Matamemea</dt><dd>("Červenkastá tvár/povrch") Mars.</dd>
      <dt>Tāʻelo</dt><dd>("Hnedastý") Merkúr.</dd>
      <dt>Fētūʻāsoa</dt><dd>("Vencová hviezda") Saturn.</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Názvoslovie hviezd
    
    <dl>
      <dt>Luatagata</dt><dd>("Dvaja muži") Alfa a Beta Centauri spolu; viaže sa k legende o Sumu (Južný kríž).</dd>
      <dt>Filo/Mea</dt><dd>Alfa a Beta Centauri (nerozlišujú sa); viaže sa k legende o Sumu (Južný kríž).</dd>
      <dt>Suga/Pae</dt><dd>M4 a M80 v Škorpiónovi (nerozlišujú sa); viaže sa k legende o Toloa (hlava Škorpióna)</dd>
      <dt>Fētūsolonuʻu</dt><dd>("Kĺzajúca hviezda") Sírius; pri cestách medzi Samou a Fidži je považovaný za zenitovú hviezdu.</dd>
      <dt>Telegese</dt><dd>("Pomaly sa pohybujúci") Sírius; pri cestách medzi Samou a Fidži je považovaný za zenitovú hviezdu.</dd>
      <dt>Taʻulua</dt><dd>("Dva pozdravy") odkazuje na Sírius, ktorý počas istého obdobia v roku vychádza i zapadá (teda "dvakrát pozdraví" v ten istý deň).</dd>
      <dt>Taʻuluatuāfanua</dt><dd>("Taʻulua východný") Sírius pri východe.</dd>
      <dt>Taʻuluaalofi</dt><dd>("Taʻulua Západný") Sírius pri západe.</dd>
      <dt>Aolele</dt><dd>("Letiaci oblak") Malý Magellanov mrak.</dd>
      <dt>Aotea</dt><dd>("Bledý oblak") Veľký Magellanov mrak.</dd>
      <dt>ʻAniva</dt><dd>("Rozľahlosť") Mliečna cesta.</dd>
    </dl>

note: Samoan sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### <notr>Sumu</notr>
    
    ("Triggerfish") Crux/Southern Cross; associated with the legend of Filo and Mea (Alpha and Beta Centauri) fishing for the Sumu.
    
    ##### <notr>Faipā</notr>
    
    ("Fishhook Lure") the entire hook shaped constellation of Scorpius; associated with the legend of ʻAloʻalolelā and the magic fishhook (pā).
    
    ##### <notr>Toloa</notr>
    
    ("Wild Duck") asterism within Faipā, representing a flying duck (head of Scorpius); associated with the legend of Suga and Pae (M4 and M80) hunting the Toloa; the duckʻs head (Antares) is recorded as having been used to sail from Pukapuka to ʻUpolu when the star was "low in the sky to the westward".
    
    ##### <notr>Tūlālupe</notr>
    
    ("Pigeon Perch") asterism within Faipā (distal tail of Scorpius); associated with the chiefly sport of pigeon snaring.
    
    ##### <notr>Matāliʻi</notr>
    
    ("Face of Liʻi") Pleiades (grouping of seven stars representing eyes, ears, nostrils, and mouth of demigod Liʻi); associated with the legend of a Tanifā (Cetus) pursuing a canoe paddled by Liʻi; acronychal rising of Matāliʻi signaled the beginning of the new year (Vāipālolo season) and ushered in the festivities of the first fruits (Talomua) during the lunar months of Taumafamua and Toetaumafa. Note: for display clarity and ease of use Matāliʻi is assigned to the star Alcyone.
    
    ##### <notr>Tanifā</notr>
    
    ("Sea Monster") Cetus (tail of Cetus is the head of Tanifā), pursuing Liʻi (Pleiades).
    
    ##### <notr>Iʻofi</notr>
    
    ("Tongs") Taurus; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga/Maui.
    
    ##### <notr>Amoga</notr>
    
    ("Carrying Pole") constellation stretching from Pi-3 Orionis to Gamma Monocerotis; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Tonga.
    
    ##### <notr>Tolugāmāuli</notr>
    
    ("Triad of Moons") asterism within Amoga (three stars of Orionʻs Belt); associated with legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; noted as the "star course" to sail from Manuʻa to Pukapuka.
    
    ##### <notr>ʻAnava</notr>
    
    ("Warclub") constellation found largely within Ursa Major.
    
    ##### <notr>Tiʻotala</notr>
    
    ("Kingfisher") Delphinus; associated with the legend of the tiʻotala (kingfisher) ambushing the grasshopper (sē).
    
    ##### <notr>Sē</notr>
    
    ("Grasshopper") constellation found within Pegasus; associated with the legend of the tiʻotala (kingfisher) ambushing the grasshopper (sē).
    
    ##### <notr>Tuigālama</notr>
    
    ("Candlenut Torch") Orionʻs arm/club; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga.
    
    ##### <notr>Toʻivā</notr>
    
    ("Great Adze") Sickle of Leo; associated with the legend of Tapuʻitea (Venus) and her son Toʻivāitotonuoleʻatoatufuga ("Great Adze Within the Builderʻs Tool Basket").
sk: ##### Sumu
    
    ("Ostňovec") Južný kríž; viaže sa k legende o bratoch Filo a Mea (Alfa a Beta Centauri) loviacich Sumu.
    
    ##### Faipā
    
    ("Návnada na háčiku") celý hák tvorí súhvezdie Škorpión; viaže sa k legende o ʻAloʻalolelā a čarovnom háčiku (pā).
    
    ##### Toloa
    
    ("Divoká kačica") je asterizmus vo Faipā, ktorý predstavuje letiacu kačicu (hlava Škorpióna), ktorá sa viaže k legende o Suga a Pae (M4 a M80) loviacich Toloa; hlava kačice (Antares) bola používaná pri plavbách z Pukapuka do ʻUpolu, keď bola hviezda "nízko na oblohe na západe".
    
    ##### Tūlālupe
    
    ("Holubie bidlo") asterizmus vo Faipā (vzdialená časť chvosta Škorpióna); viaže sa k loveniu holubov, športu náčelníkov.
    
    ##### Matāliʻi
    
    ("Tvár Liʻi") Plejády (zoskupenie siedmych hviezd predstavuje oči, uši, nozdry a ústa poloboha Liʻi); viaže sa k legende o Tanifā (Veľrybe), ktorá prenasleduje kanoe s veslujúcim Liʻi; akronykálny východ Matāliʻi značil začiatok nového roka (obdobie Vāipālolo) a ohlasoval oslavy prvého ovocia (Talomua) počas lunárnych mesiacov Taumafamua a Toetaumafa. Poznámka: pre jednoznačnosť zobrazenia a zjednodušenie sme Matāliʻi priradili k hviezde Alcyone.
    
    ##### Tanifā
    
    ("Morská obluda") Veľryba (chvost Veľryby je hlavou Tanifā), ktorá naháňa Liʻi (Plejády).
    
    ##### Iʻofi
    
    ("Kliešte") Býk; viaže sa k legende o Tiʻitiʻiatalaga/Maui.
    
    ##### Amoga
    
    ("Palica na nosenie") súhvezdie, ktoré sa rozprestiera medzi Pi-3 Orionis a Gama Monocerotis; viaže sa k legende o Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; zenitová hviezda pre cestovanie medzi Samou a Tonga.
    
    ##### Tolugāmāuli
    
    ("Mesačná trojica") asterizmus v Amoga (tri hviezdy pásu Orióna); viaže sa k legende o Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; známa ako "hviezda smeru" na plavbu z Manuʻa do Pukapuka.
    
    ##### ʻAnava
    
    ("Kyjak") súhvezdie nachádzajúce sa zväčša vo Veľkej Medvedici.
    
    ##### Tiʻotala
    
    ("Rybárik") Delfín; viaže sa k legende o tiʻotala (rybárikovi) útočiacemu na kobylku (sē).
    
    ##### Sē
    
    ("Kobylka") súhvezdie vnútri Pegasa; viaže sa s legendou o tiʻotala (rybárikovi) útočiacemu na kobylku (sē).
    
    ##### Tuigālama
    
    ("Pochodeň z tungovníka") rameno/kyjak Orióna; viaže sa k legende o Tiʻitiʻiatalaga.
    
    ##### Toʻivā
    
    ("Veľká teslica") Kosák Leva; viaže sa k legende o Tapuʻitea (Venuša) a jej synovi Toʻivāitotonuoleʻatoatufuga ("Veľká teslica v Košíku stavebných nástrojov").

note: Samoan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Jake Fitisemanu (jjfitisemanu (a^t^) gmail.com) with consultation of Samoan cultural custodians and published historical sources. Programming support from Dan Smale.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy pridal Jake Fitisemanu (jjfitisemanu (zavináč) gmail.com) po konzultáciách so Samojskými kustódmi kultúry a vydanými historickými zdrojmi. Podpora pri programovaní od Dana Smalea.

note: Sardinian sky culture name
en: Sardinian
sk: Sardínska

note: Sardinian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian culture.
sk: Rovnako ako iné národy sveta, aj starovekí Sardínčania obracali zrak k oblohe, ktorá označovala čas a ročné obdobia. V sardínskej kultúre dal hviezdam a súhvezdiam pomenovanie svet roľníkov.

note: Sardinian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Stars and constellations in sardinian language](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)
sk:  - [#1]: [Hviezdy a súhvezdia v sardínčine](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Skript pre Stellarium: Prehliadka sardínskych súhvezdí](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Wiki Stellaria](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)

note: Sardinian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Credits
    
    The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu
sk: Tieto súhvezdia vytvoril užívateľ Stellaria *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Autori
    
    Súhvezdia sardínskej kultúry sú výsledkom výskumu Tonina Bussua a Marca Puddua

note: Seri sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The [Seri people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_people) are an indigenous group in Mexico.
sk: [Ľud Seriov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_people) je pôvodnou skupinou z Mexika.

note: Seri sky culture description section in markdown format
en: There have been six different Comca'ac groups (Comca'ac means "people"):
    
     - the Xica hacataj quitoj, who eat meat of sharks, inhabited San Esteban Island (Isla Turón);
     - the Xnamotat, who lived in the south, inhabit San Carlos, Guaymas and Tastiota;
     - the Cail hitic 'tamoc, the men from the valley, inhabited the region between Tastiota and Bahía Kino;
     - the Heno comca'ac, who live in the mountains, inhabited the centre of Tiburón Island;
     - the Tepocaj, the fishermen, who inhabited the region between Puerto Libertad and Puerto Peñasco; and,
     - the Tosni hox hanoquipilc, who fed themselves on sea birds (ducks and pelicans), inhabited Island San Lorenzo.
    
     <img src="illustrations/abuela.png" width="250" align="left" />Nowadays, the Seri people live at Punta Chueca and Desemboque, located in the coast of the northwestern state of Sonora, Mexico. According with the fishing cycles, Comca'ac occupy several fishing camps at the litoral distributed along a 100 km territory. The whole area assigned to them reaches the 210 thousand hectares which corresponds to a region in the continent and the Tiburón Island in the California gulf.
    
    The Seri language (coiiqui'itom) forms part of the seriyumana family which means that, on one hand, its most recent relation can be given by the yumano coming from the north of the Californian peninsula, and, on the other hand, this language totally contrasts with the languages of its neighbouring nations who talk uto-aztec ones like pima, p&#225;pago, yaqui and mayo; all of them fila with a much more recent origin.
    
    The description of the Comca'ac (Seri) Constellations presented here comes from the book "Bajo el cielo Comca'ac: Astronomía entre el mar y el desierto", written by Arturo Morales Blanco, in which it is possible to identify the relations between sky, sea and desert, as they are recovered by oral tradition and family memories.
    
    This knowledge has arrived to us by oral transmission from generation to generation through time and shows how the events from the sea like the appearance of crabs or the abundance of Totoaba (a large fish, now in danger), comes along with the presence of sets of stars in the sky. Comca'ac people has named them Zaamth or Zix cam caoc'la, respectively; also, the coincidence of Pitahayas (cactus fruits) in the cactus with the appearance of constellation Hácosa (Corta-pitahayas) in the sky is very suggestive.
sk: Existovalo šesť rôznych skupín Comca'ac (Comca'ac znamená "ľud"):
    
     - Xica hacataj quitoj, ktorí jedia mäso žralokov, obývali ostrov San Esteban (Isla Turón);
     - Xnamotat, ktorí žili na juhu, obývajú San Carlos, Guaymas a Tastiotu;
     - Cail hitic 'tamoc, muži z údolia, obývali oblasť medzi Tastiotou a Bahía Kino;
     - Heno comca'ac, ktorí žijú v horách, obývali stred ostrova Tiburón;
     - Tepocajovia, lovci rýb, ktorí obývali oblasť medzi Puerto Libertad a Puerto Peñasco; a
     - Tosni hox hanoquipilc, ktorí sa živili morskými vtákmi (kačky a pelikány), obývali ostrov San Lorenzo.
    
     <img src="illustrations/abuela.png" width="250" align="left" />Dnes žijú Seriovia v Punta Chueaca a Desemboque, nachádzajúce sa na pobreží severozápadného mexického štátu Sonora. Podľa cyklov rybárčenia obývajú Comca'ac niekoľko rybárskych táborov pri pobrežnom páse pozdĺž 100 km dlhého teritória. Celá oblasť, ktorá im bola priznaná, dosahuje až 210 tisíc hektárov, ktoré korešpondujú s regiónom na kontinente a ostrovom Tiburón v Kalifornskom zálive.
    
    Jazyk Seriov (coiiqui'itom) tvorí časť rodiny seriyumana, čo na jednej strane znamená, že sa nedávno stretla s jazykom yumano zo severu Kalifornského polostrova, ale na druhej strane je v úplnom kontraste s jazykmi susedných národov, ktorí rozprávajú uto-aztécky, ako napr. pimovia, p&#225;pagovia, yaquiovia a mayovia; tí všetci majú nedávnejší pôvod.
    
    Tu prezentovaný popis súhvezdí Comca'acov (Seriov) pochádza z knihy "Bajo el cielo Comca'ac: Astronomía entre el mar y el desierto", napísanej Arturom Moralesom Blancom, v ktorej je možné určiť vzťahy medzi oblohou, oceánom a púšťou, pretože sú získané z hovorenej tradície a pamätí rodinných príslušníkov.
    
    Tieto poznatky sme získali prostredníctvom ústneho podania z generácie na generáciu a ukazujú, ako sa udalosti z mora (napr. objavenie sa krabov, alebo hojnosť Totoaba - veľkej ryby, dnes v ohrození) spájajú s prítomnosťou skupín hviezd na oblohe. Comca'acovia ich pomenovali Zaamth alebo Zix cam caoc'la. Veľmi sugestívne je aj súčasné objavenie sa pithaye (dračie ovocie kaktusu) a súhvezdia Hácosa (Corta-pithayas) na oblohe.

note: Seri sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### <notr>Zaamth</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/zaamth.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>When the stars of Orion's Belt, Rigel and Betelgeuse appear above the western horizon, in the month of March, Comca'ac people see how in shallow waters of the marsh, the crabs are found forming groups of about 300 or 400 items which can be collected easily; that is the reason to call Zaamth to constellation. After six months, when the sea is cold, the crabs do not appear any more going from one place to another; instead the sea wheat, xnois, comes and their seed has been used to make flour and different food plates for centuries. The legend says that in the days corresponding to the crab "harvesting", it must be avoided to break a leg or a claw because, if this happens, the day after there will not be any more crabs at the site.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Cohamc</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/cohamc.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>About October 18th, an alignment of stars takes place in the morning sky and it is called, since ancient times, as Cohamc constellation, women. Then four or five days after the rains begin to fall with intensity and the wind runs by the desert. The star that is at the north of the alignment, the Comca'ac's name is Hacamta, the husband, and is the one appearing behind the other six named women, (the star Psi of Ursa Major); the six stars appear in sequence, two by two. The forecast of this bad weather motivated their ancestors to go to the caves in the mountain and to go far from the beach. After the difficult days, around two months later, Comca'ac people returned to the beach carrying with them all the food and materials kept along: dried meat, fish, 'caguama' turtle, honey, and flour from 'péchita de mezquite' (seeds from Mesquite tree), between them.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Hazoj canoj Hantificaü</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_canoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This star that appears alone in the sky with its multicolour shine can be seen along the year. However, in the first days of September (after the heliacal rising), one has to get up at 4 or 5 in the morning to see it. This star corresponds to Sirius and it announces the new day. The legend says that when someone gets up when the Sun is already in the sky, all his tents to become the skin of the dead. Hazoj means constellation and Hantificaö is "Who comes at the dawn".</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Haapjc</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/haapjc_desc.jpg" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This constellation is, perhaps, the most complex of Comca'ac ones, due to the fact that it covers a wide area in the sky and in it, one can find stars from Taurus, Twins, and the Capella star. It can be said that Haapjc (Deer hunter) has the following sections: the whitetail deer, the bura deer and bighorn deer (Hépem, Háap and Möjit, respectively), which are the stars known as Hassaleh, Elnath and 123 Tau; the spear with its flint at Aldebaran and the stars forming a 'V' of Taurus, while the feathers are Castor and Pollux of Gemini; and, finally, the hunter, properly said, is Cozaactim ("Who crosses"), with his head at Capella.<br> The legend says that Cozaactim threw his spear and hit the Bura deer. Háap was wounded and flew through the sky bleeding; then, a little drop of blood fell in the Tiburón Island, and that is the reason why bura deer are native of the island. This constellation can be observed in September morning skies.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Hácosa</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hacosa.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>It is said that when this constellation is pointing to the top of the sky, at September 7th, it appears similar to the instrument Hácosa (Pitahaya-cutter), and it is time to collect the wild fruits: 'péchitas de mezquite' (Mesquite seeds) and pitahayas (cactus fruit), for example. When there is no sign of it, the season will be bad.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Hazoj Cöiquih</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_koii.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Between the twelve stars of Cöiquih (Person) is the star Antares. In this constellation, the person seems to be fishing; that is why the corresponding legend affirms that Zix hantpatj (cochito fish) has at the roof of its mouth a kind of jelly substance, coming from the pulp of a cactus that the ancestors used as bait. This constellation goes, month after month, revolving in the sky and it is seen in a recumbent position when it is over Tiburón Island on midnight at September 8th.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Caamooilcoj</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/caamoilcoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This constellation named Caamooilcoj (Wheel Game), is one of the most important arrays of stars between Comca'ac people; it can be observed at plenitude at winter; with around fifteen stars in a wheeled shape, and stars as reed tablets (tablillas de carrizo) which play the role of dice. It is said that in ancient times, this game was played by men, exclusively, who put as bet their own life; now, the game is played at festivals and special occasions by women representing events of life and protection; in particular, it is played during puberty ceremonies for example; or at the feast of zaaptim (great basket). <br>For this game, several round pieces of Pitahayas (cactus fruits) or of 'cinita' (four lines cactus) made the circle (today, they are decorated stones with different motives); and, three reed pieces (tablillas de carrizo), painted in colours. The meaning of these three colours are: Red - the blood and death; Blue - the sky and the sea; and, White - purity, good health and protection.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Quetoh</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/quetoh0.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This lonely star is known as Quetoh (little dove), it is modern Arcturus. It appears around October 8th announcing an epoch of good fishing. The ancestors did not have nets or other fishing arts, they used harpoons to capture their preys and a "flint" harpoon or double point tool. The legend says that many years ago, with the appearance of this star in the sky, the floriation of cactus begun and at the end of the week, there were Pitahayas on them; however, the next day, all the pitahayas disappeared: it was Quetoh yacaso or 'spell of the dove' responsible of eating that fruit.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Himatax</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/himatax.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This lonely star is known as Hazoj canoj Himatax because its meaning is a star which does not move and around which all turns. It is present all night long, all the days of the year.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Yay Xapi Hanopas</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/yay_xapi.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>The young hunter, says the legend, was a boy who went hunting, and several weeks after his departure he was still absent, and the members of his camp considered him dead. But several months later, at daybreak, he has shown himself to his parents who were surprised telling him: "We thought you were dead, we have spent many days looking for you, until we were tired; we cried for you a lot". The young man told his parents: "I live near the beach, I found a good place and stayed there". "But what kind of water you drink?" They asked. "I found any water and that is I drink, Haxhaxaha tahomisi", he said to them while talking about the Tecomate Bay.<br> According to this legend, the young hunter became the Constellation with Canopus at its centre caused by a conflict with his elder brother. It appears directly towards the south.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Conclusion
    
    All this knowledge of Comca'ac people comes from prehispanic epoch, and it has prevailed through centuries, thanks to oral tradition and the strength of the community to colonization, at first, and his opposition to evangelization, later on. Still today, it is possible to hear the stories and legends behind the naming of constellations and the events on the sea and on the desert. With the recovery of these legends, by exercise of memory and lively events with his ancestors, Arturo Morales Blanco gave us a legacy that must be conserved for future generations: children, young people who will keep in their own language how and what to look for in the sky.
sk: ##### Zaamth
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/zaamth.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Keď sa hviezdy z opasku Orióna, Rigel a Betelgeuse, objavia v marci na západnom horizonte, Comca'acovia pozorovali, ako sa v plytkých vodách v močiaroch zoskupujú kraby po 300 až 400 jedincoch a dajú sa ľahko pozbierať. Preto toto súhvezdie nazvali Zaamth. Po šiestich mesiacoch je more studené a kraby sa viac neobjavujú, pretože sa premiestnili inam. Namiesto nich prichádza čas vochy morskej, xnois, z ktorej semien po stáročia pripravovali múku a rôzne pokrmy. Legenda hovorí, že počas "žatvy" krabov si musia dať pozor, aby im neulomili nohu alebo klepeto, pretože inak by na druhý deň na to miesto žiadne kraby neprišli.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Cohamc
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/cohamc.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Okolo 18. októbra sa na rannej oblohe ukáže zoskupenie hviezd, ktoré sa od staroveku nazýva súhvezdie Cohamc, ženy. Potom po štyri až päť dní silno prší a po púšti sa preháňa vietor. Severná hviezda súhvezdia, Comca'acmi nazývaná Hacamta (hviezda Psí UMa), manžel, sa nachádza za ostatnými šiestimi pomenovanými ženami, ktoré sa po dvojiciach objavujú rad za radom. Táto predpoveď zlého počasia motivovala ich predkov, aby sa schovali v jaskyniach v horách a šli čím ďalej od pobrežia. Po náročných dňoch asi po dvoch mesiacoch sa Comca'acovia vrátili na pobrežie, nesúc si so sebou všetko jedlo a materiál, ktorý mali: sušené mäso, ryby, korytnačky 'caguama', med a múku zo semien stromu Mesquite ('péchita de mezquite').</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Hazoj canoj Hantificaü
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_canoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Táto hviezda sa objavuje sama na oblohe a jej mnohofarebný lesk je možné pozorovať celý rok. Ale počas prvých dní v septembri (po jej heliaktickom východe) treba vstávať už o štvrtej, piatej hodine rannej, aby sa dala pozorovať. Je to Sírius a oznamuje nový deň. Legenda hovorí, že keď niekto vstane, až keď je slnko na nebi, všetky jeho stany sa premenia na kožu mŕtvych. Hazoj znamená súhvezdie a Hantificaö je "Ten, kto prichádza za úsvitu."</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Haapjc
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/haapjc_desc.jpg" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Toto súhvezdie je asi najkomplexnejšie z Comca'acských súhvezdí. Je to preto, že pokrýva širokú oblasť oblohy a obsahuje hviezdy z Býka, Blížencov a hviezdu Capella. Dá sa povedať, že Haapjc (Lovec jeleňov) má nasledujúce časti: jeleník bielochvostý, jeleník ušatý a jeleník veľkorohý (Hépem, Háap a Möjit), ktorých hviezdy sú známe ako Hassaleh, Elnath a 123 Tau; kopija, ktorej pazúrik je Aldebaran a ďalšie hviezdy z Býka tvoriace písmeno 'V', kým perá sú Castor a Pollux z Blížencov; a nakoniec samotný lovec, nazvaný Cozaactim ("Ten, ktorý križuje"), ktorého hlavou je Capella.<br>Legenda hovorí, že Cozaactim hodil svoju kopiju a zasiahol jeleníka ušatého. Zranený Háap vyletel krvácajúc na oblohu. Jedna malá kvapka krvi padla na ostrov Tiburón a preto sú na ňom dodnes jeleníky ušaté. Toto súhvezdie je možné pozorovať na rannej septembrovej oblohe.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Hácosa
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hacosa.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Hovorí sa, že keď toto súhvezdie ukazuje na vrchol oblohy (7. septembra), podobá sa na nástroj Hácosa (rezák Pitahaye) a je čas na zber divého ovocia, napríklad 'péchitas de mezquite' (semien stromu Mesquite) a pitahayí (dračieho ovocia). Ak ho nevidieť, sezóna bude zlá.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Hazoj Cöiquih
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_koii.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Medzi dvanástimi hviezdami súhvezdia Cöiquih (Osoba) je aj hviezda Antares. V tomto súhvezdí sa zdá, že osoba je na rybách; preto sa k nej viaže legenda potvrdzujúca, že Zix hanpatj (ostňovec škvrnitý) má na podnebí tlamy želatínovú látku pochádzajúcu z dužiny kaktusu, ktorú predkovia používali ako návnadu. Toto súhvezdie sa mesiac čo mesiac pohybuje po oblohe a je v ležiacej polohe 8. septembra o polnoci, keď leží nad ostrovom Tiburón.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Caamooilcoj
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/caamoilcoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Toto súhvezdie nazvané Caamooilcoj (Kolesová hra) je u Comca'acov jedným z najdôležitejších polí hviezd. Dá sa hojne pozorovať v zime, kde asi 15 hviezd tvorí tvar kolesa a ostatné hviezdy predstavujú trstinové tabuľky (tablillas de carrizo), ktoré sa používajú ako kocky. Vraví sa, že v staroveku túto hru hrali výlučne muži, ktorí stavili vlastný život. Dnes sa hrá počas festivalov a predstavuje udalosti zo života a ochrany - hlavne počas ceremónií dospievania, alebo pri hostine zaaptim (veľkého koša).<br>Pre túto hru sa do kruhu postaví niekoľko kúskov pitahaye (dračieho ovocia) alebo 'cinita' (nočného kaktusu), v súčasnosti sú to kamienky ozdobené rôznymi motívmi, a tri farebne pomaľované trstinové kúsky (tablillas de carrizo). Význam troch farieb je: červená - krv a smrť, modrá - obloha a more, biela - čistota, zdravie a ochrana.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Quetoh
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/quetoh0.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Táto osamelá hviezda známa ako Quetoh (malá holubica) je súčasný Arktúr. Zjavuje sa okolo 8. októbra a oznamuje epochu dobrého rybolovu. Predkovia nemali siete ani iné pomôcky na rybačku, na chytanie koristi používali "pazúrikové" harpúny alebo nástroje s dvojitým hrotom. Legenda hovorí, že pred mnohými rokmi, keď sa táto hviezda zjavila na oblohe, začalo obdobie kvitnutia kaktusu a po týždni sa na ňom objavili pitahaye. Avšak už na druhý deň všetky zmizli. Za zjedenie ovocia mohlo quetoh yacaso, čiže 'kúzlo holubice'.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Himatax
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/himatax.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Táto osamelá hviezda je známa ako Hazoj canoj Himatax, čo znamená hviezda, ktorá sa nepohybuje a okolo ktorej sa všetko otáča. Je vidieť celú noc po všetky dni roka.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Yay Xapi Hanopas
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/yay_xapi.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Legenda hovorí, že mladý lovec bol chlapec, ktorý sa vydal na lov a po niekoľkých týždňoch, čo sa ešte nevrátil, ho ostatní členovia tábora považovali za mŕtveho. Ale o niekoľko mesiacov neskôr, za úsvitu, sa zjavil pred jeho prekvapenými rodičmi. "Mysleli sme, že si mŕtvy. Strávili sme mnohé dni tvojím hľadaním, až kým sme nevyčerpali. Veľmi sme ťa oplakávali," povedali mu. Mladík im odvetil: "Žijem pri pobreží, našiel som tam dobré miesto a zostal som tam." Spýtali sa: "Ale akú vodu piješ?" "Našiel som hociakú vodu a tú pijem, Haxhaxaha tahomisi," povedal im a hovoril o zálive Tecomate.<br> Podľa tejto legendy sa mladý lovec stal súhvezdím, v ktorého strede je Canopus, pre konflikt so svojím starším bratom. Nachádza sa rovno na juhu.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Záver
    
    Všetky tieto poznatky od Comca'acov pochádzajú z prehispánskej epochy a po storočia sa zachovali vďaka ústnemu podaniu a sile komunity odolávajúcej najprv kolonizácii a neskôr vzdorujúcej evangelizácii. Aj dnes je možné počuť príbehy a legendy o pomenovaní súhvezdí, o udalostiach na mori a v púšti. Zozbieraním týchto legiend a s využitím pamätí i živých udalostí od svojich predkov, nám dal Arturo Morales Blanco dedičstvo, ktoré musí byť zachované pre budúce generácie - deti a mládež, ktorí si uchovajú svoj jazyk aj to, ako a na čo sa dívať na oblohe.

note: Seri sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: **Ra&#250;l Pérez-Enríquez**: [raulpe55(at)gmail(dot)com](mailto:raulpe55@gmail.com)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Arturo Morales Blanco
     - Alejandro Aguilar Zeleny
     - Julio Saucedo Morales
     - Alfredo Manríquez
     - UNISON
    
    English translation by: Alfredo Manríquez
sk: **Ra&#250;l Pérez-Enríquez**: [raulpe55(at)gmail(dot)com](mailto:raulpe55@gmail.com)
    
    ### Poďakovanie
    
     - Arturo Morales Blanco
     - Alejandro Aguilar Zeleny
     - Julio Saucedo Morales
     - Alfredo Manríquez
     - UNISON
    
    Preklad do angličtiny: Alfredo Manríquez

note: Tibetan sky culture name
en: Tibetan
sk: Tibetská

note: Tibetan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: *This is unfinished work and only a tentative solution. Please help us improve! (see below)*
    
    During a travel to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China (TAR) in 2019, I was confronted with a highly complex system of astronomy and calendar computations which has a long tradition in Tibet.
    
    Traditional Tibetan astronomy is largely influenced by the Kalacakra Tantra which has been imported from India, mixed with some Chinese influence.
sk: *Táto práca nie je dokončená a riešenie je provizórne. Pomôžte nám ju prosím vylepšiť! (viď nižšie)*
    
    Počas cesty do Tibetskej autonómne oblasti (TAO) v Číne v roku 2019, som sa zoznámil s veľmi komplexnými systémami astronomických a kalendárnych výpočtov, ktoré majú v Tibete dlhú tradíciu.
    
    Tradičná tibetská astronómia je silne ovplyvnená tantrou Kalacakra importovanou z Indie a zmiešanou čínskym vplyvom.

note: Tikuna sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Tikuna indigenous people have inhabited the region of the Upper Solimões river for the past 2,000 years. They currently occupy a territory where the political borders of three countries converge: Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. This is the reason why the Tikuna recognize themselves as a differentiated indigenous group, while also identifying with the national identities related to these three countries.
sk: Domorodí Tikunovia obývali počas ostatných 2000 rokov hornú oblasť rieky Solimões. Dnes sú na území, kde sa spájajú politické hranice troch krajín: Brazílie, Kolumbie a Peru. Preto sa Tikunovia rozlišujú ako oddelená domorodá skupina, ale sa aj identifikujú s národnými identitami týchto krajín.

note: Tikuna sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Tikuna territory encompasses a region 600 kilometers long, running west to east from the Chimbote region in Peru—along the emptiness of the Amazonas-Solimões valley, in the so-called Trapézio Amazônico (Colombian Amazonian Trapezoid)—to the Barreira da Missão region, in the municipality of Tefé, in the Brazilian state of Amazonas (See The Ticuna Atlas, Figure I).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Figure 1: The Tikuna Atlas<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    The agencies and researchers that deal with them estimate that more than 53,544 (Siasi/Sesai, 2014) Tikunas live in Brazil (FUNASA, 2009), 8.000 in Colombia (Goulard, 2010), and 6.982 in Peru (INEL, 2007)<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite>. Together, they constitute the largest Amazonian indigenous population. Aside from their own Tikuna language, they also speak Spanish and Portuguese, depending on whether they live in Colombia and Peru or in Brazil.
    
    The Tikuna live in riverside villages along the Amazonas-Solimões and its tributaries, called igarapés. Their daily life revolve around the cultivation cycles of different agricultural goods; specially, manioc, used to produce the flour the Tikuna sell in the markets of the region’s main cities. They are also fishers, hunters, and gatherers of the forest products. The women make hammocks, bags, and other objects with plant fibers; and the men paint on tururi fiber and fabricate arrows, paddles, and canoes.
    
    It should be noted that, in Brazil, the Tikuna Indians live in indigenous lands recognized by Brazil’s indigenous policy. They are located in “terrestrial islands” among non-indigenous territories occupied by the Brazilian Population, from Tabatinga to Manaus (as illustrated in the Brazilian Tikuna Atlas).
    
    ### The Astronomical Correlations
    
    The movements of the Tikuna constellations correspond to an interpretation of the seasonality of rainfall, as the Tikuna narratives suggest. These constellations are related to myths referencing the ascension and fall of Wücütcha (a heavenly beast related to the Jaguar Clan), Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw) and Baweta (Tracajá, the Aquatic Turtle Collective), the Anteater’s fight with the Jaguar, and the Way of the Tapir.
    
    According to the testimony of the Tikuna indigenous people, Baweta (the Pleiades Star Cluster) appears in the eastern sky towards the end of November, at nightfall. After Baweta rises, Caiman’s Jaw rises. Wücütcha’s leg corresponds to a portion of The Orion Constellation; and it begins to disappear from the western sky around the 20th of May, at nightfall. About one month earlier, the Caiman’s Jaw, corresponding to The Hyades Star Cluster in Taurus, also disappears to the West.
    
    According to Vieira’s interpretation, the form of Baweta (the Turtle Collective) is associated with the stars within the asterisms of the Pleiades and of Perseus. Baweta’s eyes are the feet of Perseus (Omicron Persei - Atik and ζ (Zeta) Persei). The “V” shape that Western astronomy relates to the head of Taurus is called Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw). Wücütcha’s Leg corresponds to the stars that groups as Orion. Its toes are Orion’s Belt and the bend of the legs are ι (iota) Orionis; κ (kappa) Orionis; η (eta) Leporis and δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    During the summer, the fight between the Anteater (Tchatü) and the Jaguar (Ai) occurs. The end of the battle coincides with the death and ascension of Wücütcha. The eyes of the Anteater are located in β (beta) of Triangulum Australe; his claw and body is in the constellations Norma and Ara. The right foot of the Jaguar is in Scorpio’s α (Antares), σ (Sigma), and τ (tau); its eyes are in ε (epsilon) and μ (mu) Scorpii; and its left paw is in λ (Shaula), υ (upsilon Sco – Lesath) and κ (kappa) of the same constellation. Wücütcha (the Jaguar’s leg) represents the beginning of the rains in late September; and its reappearance to the east follows the setting of Tchatü in the west, at nightfall, in the end of November. Those correlations are illuminated by indigenous testimony reproduced below:
    
    > “The stars fit into their respective constellations. First is Wücütcha. After winter, summer begins to walk. It is the Jaguar. After him, comes Coyathicüra in the month of May, at nightfall, when the Caiman’s Jaw appears on the beach. Baweta appears in September, the month of the turtle. In May, Wücütcha and Coyatchicüra fall. They all fall together at the end of May. In July, they come again. Baweta already begins to appear in July. When Wücütcha falls, beginning in May, caimans and turtles begin to appear. The apex is in September.”
    >
    > “In May, all the constellations fall, together with their planets. It is summertime. Later, in July, they appear again for the New Year. Coya and Wücütcha leave the sky from May to September. Later, in July, they appear again.”
    >
    > Fernando Marques or Ütchancu – translated by Lucho
    
    The Tikuna interpret processes affected by a succession of meteorological changes that, in turn, determine the rainy and the dry seasons. In this region of Western Amazon, the rainy season runs from December to March and the dry season from June to September. During April, May, October, and November the rainfall is intermediate. In November, the water level starts to rise and in late December the tides occur. During the month of May, the water level drops until September, the peak of the drought. The periods of El Niño imply a rain deficit, causing the extreme drought of the great river; during La Niña, the cooling of the Pacific increases the amount of water, causing dramatic tides and floods.
    
    Although dependent on weather variability, at the September Equinox the Tikuna observe how fog affects how they see in early morning; the Pleiades star cluster disappears on the morning horizon in early June and reappears in the evening, in late November. The goal of the Tikuna is to predict the intensity of the coming rains in order to negotiate with the entity Mawü, the “Master of Rain,” the effects of the floods on their subsistence activities.
    
    According to the explanations found in Enepü (a Tikuna community in the indigenous Land Eware II, in the Brazilian State of Amazon, in Western Amazonia), the influence of seasonality upon Tikuna subsistence activities is more prevalent along the Solimões. In the headwaters of the igarapés, where Enepü is situated, plenty of food exists all year long. In Enepü, trees and palms, such as the ingá and açaí, are fertile all year long due to the “virginity” and the enrichment of the soil by natural compost. The same thing occurs with the fishing in Lake Preto, within the limits of Enepü, where they can supply themselves abundantly with fish all year long. On the Solimões, however, one finds fish only from April to July, when the water level drops. Abundance in the hunt is also from April to July (or September, at most), along the Solimões. Fishing becomes more difficult when the river is high. The fruit of the native açaí palm is collected in summer, and customarily saved for preparation during winter—time of poor hunting and fishing. Through planning and regular gardening, harvests are available all year long. The harvest of cultivated plants also occurs during the drought months. There is a certain degree of flexibility in adapting the agricultural calendar to the rainy season (when fishing and hunting are not productive) and the dry season, (when fishing is more abundant); however, difficulties involving navigation and transport grow as the water level drops along the igarapés linking the river. Traditional culture, however, is not prepared for unforeseen alterations in the rainy season, such as it occurred in 2002. In that year, July saw the beginning of the repiquete (the rise on water levels), which normally occurs in September. This destroyed the short-range agricultural cycle and made the fish scarcer, changing alimentary habits.
     <p id="cit1"><notr><a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a></notr><cite>This work adopts linguistic convention when writing Tikuna, even though several Anthropologists and Indigenous experts use the vernacular form (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"><notr><a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a></notr><cite> According to socioambiental.org, consulted on 08/05/2019.</cite></p>
sk: Územie Tikunov zahŕňa oblasť dlhú asi 600 kilometrov, prechádzajúce zo západu na východ od oblasti Chimbote v Peru, pozdĺž prázdneho údolia Solimões a Amazónii, tzv. Trapézio Amazônico (kolumbijský amazonský lichobežník), až do oblasti Barreira da Missão, v okrese Tefé v brazílskom štáte Amazonas (viď obrázok 1 - The Ticuna Atlas).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Obrázok 1: The Tikuna Atlas<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    Agentúry a výskumníci, ktorí sa nimi zaoberajú, odhadujú, že v Brazílii žije viac ako 53 544 Tikunov (Siasi/Sesai, 2014), v Kolumbii 8 000 (Goulard, 2010), a v Peru 6 982 (INEL, 2007)<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite>. Spoločne sú tak najväčšou amazonskou domorodou populáciou. Okrem ich vlastného tikunského jazyka hovoria tiež španielsky i portugalsky, podľa toho, či žujú v Kolumbii a Peru, alebo v Brazílii.
    
    Tikunovia žijú v dedinách pozdĺž riek Amazonka-Solimões a ich prítokov zvaných igarapés. Ich denný život sa točí okolo cyklov pestovania rôznych plodín, hlavne manioku, z ktorého vyrábajú Tikunovia múku a tú predávajú na oblastných mestských trhoch. Lovia tiež ryby, zver a zbierajú lesné plody. Ženy vyrábajú z rastlinných vlákien siete, vrecia a iné veci. Muži maľujú na vlákna tururi a vyrábajú šípy, pádla a kánoe.
    
    Treba poznamenať, že Tikunskí indiáni žijú na domorodej pôde, ktorú uznáva aj Brazílska domorodá politika. Nachádzajú sa na "ostrovoch" v teritóriách nepôvodného obyvateľstva obývaných brazílskou populáciou medzi Tabantigou po Manaus (ako je znázornené na brazílskom tikunskom atlase).
    
    ### Astronomické korelácie
    
    Pohyby tikunských súhvezdí zodpovedajú interpretácii ročných období dažďa, ako napovedá tikunské vysvetlenie. Tieto súhvezdia sa týkajú mýtov, ktoré popisujú vzostup a pád Wücütcha (nebeský tvor príbuzný klanu jaguára), Coyatchicüra (sánka kajmana) a Baweta (Tracajá, kolektív vodných korytnačiek), súboj Mravčiara s Jaguárom a Cestu tapíra.
    
    Baweta (hviezdokopa Plejády) sa podľa svedectiev domorodých Tikunov objavuje pri zotmení na východnej oblohe koncom novembra. Ako stúpa Baweta, stúpa Sánka kajmana. Noha Wücütcha zodpovedá časti súhvezdia Orión. Baweta zmizne z večernej západnej oblohy okolo 20. mája. Asi o mesiac skôr zmizne na západe aj Sánka kajmana, ktorá zodpovedá hviezdokope Hyády v Býkovi.
    
    Tvar Bawety (kolktív korytnačiek) je podľa Vieirovej interpretácie spájaný s asterizmom Plejád a Perzeom. Oči Bawetu sú nohami Perzea (omicron Persei - Atik a ζ (Zeta) Persei). Tvar písmena "V", ktorý západná astronómia spája s hlavou Býka sa nazýva Coyatchicüra (Sánka kajmana). Noha Wücütchu zodpovedá hviezdam zoskupenia Orióna. Jeho prsty na nohách sú pásom Orióna a ohyby nôh sú ι (iota) Orionis; κ (kapa) Orionis; η (éta) Leporis a δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    Počas leta dochádza k súboju Mravčiara (Tchatü) a Jaguára (Ai). Koniec bitky nastáva so smrťou a vystúpením Wücütchu. Oči Mravčiara sa nachádzajú na β (beta) Južného trojuholníka; jeho pazúr a telo je v súhvezdiach Pravítko a Oltár. Pravá noha Jaguára sú hviezdy Škorpióna α (alfa – Antares), σ (sigma), a τ (tau); jeho oči sú v ε (epsilon) a μ (mí) Scorpii; a jeho ľavá laba je λ (lambda - Shaula), υ (ypsilon Sco – Lesath) a κ (kappa) toho istého súhvezdia. Wücütcha (noha Jaguára) značí začiatok dažďov koncom septembra a jej znovuobjavenia sa na východe nasleduje západ Tchatü večer na západe koncom novembra. Tieto súvislosti sú osvetlené v domorodom svedectve nižšie:
    
    > “Hviezdy patria do svojich súhvezdí. Najprv je Wücütcha. Po zime začína kráčať v lete. Je to Jaguár. Po ňom prichádza Coyathicüra pri zotmení v mesiaci máji, keď sa na pobreží zjaví Sánka kajmana. Baweta sa ukáže v septembri, v mesiaci korytnačky. V máji zapadnú Wücütcha a Coyatchicüra. Všetci zapadnú spolu v mesiaci Máj. V júli znova vyjdú. Baweta sa začne objavovať v júli. Keď zapadne Wücütcha, začiatkom mája, začnú sa objavovať kajmany a korytnačky. Najvyššie sú v septembri.”
    >
    > “V máji zapadnú všetky súhvezdia spolu so svojimi planétami. Je leto. Neskôr v júli sa znovu objavia pre Nový rok. Coya a Wücütcha opustia oblohu od mája do septembra. Neskôr v júli sa opäť objavia.”
    >
    > Fernando Marques alebo Ütchancu – preložil Lucho
    
    Tikunovia vysvetľujú deje ovplyvnené následnosťou meteorologických zmien, ktoré určujú obdobia dažďov a sucha. V oblasti západnej Amazónie trvá obdobie dažďov od decembra do mája a obdobie sucha od júna do spetembra. Počas apríla, mája, októbra a novembra prší stredne často. V novembri začne stúpať hladina vody a neskoro v decembri dochádza k prílivom. Počas mája voda klesá až do septembra, kedy je maximum sucha. Obdobie El Niño znamená nedostatok dažďa, na veľkej rieke vyvoláva extrémne suchá. Počas La Niña zvyšuje ochladzovanie Pacifiku množstvo vody v rieke, čo spôsobuje dramatické prílivy a povodne.
    
    Aj keď závisia na premenlivosti počasia, počas septembrovej rovnodennosti pozorujú Tikunovia, ako ich ráno ovplyvňuje hmla. Plejády zmiznú na rannom obzore skoro v júni a objavia sa večer neskoro v novembri. Cieľom Tikunov je predpovedať intenzitu prichádzajúcich dažďov, aby mohli vyjednávať s entitou Mawü - "Pánom dažďa”, a vplyv záplav na ich pestovateľské aktivity.
    
    Podľa vysvetlení nájdených v Enepü (tikunská komunita v domorodom kraji Eware II, brazílsky štát Amazónia, západná Amazónia) majú ročné obdobia najväčší vplyv na pestovateľské aktivity Tikunov v Solimões. V povodí igarapés, kde sa nachádza Enepü, sa celoročne vyskytujú povodne. V Enepü sú stromy a palmy ako ingá a açaí plodné po celý rok vďaka "panenstvu" a pôde obohatenej o prírodný kompost. To isté sa deje aj v rybárskej dedine pri jazere Preto v oblasti Enepü, kde sa celoročne zásobujú rybami. V Solimões sú však ryby len medzi aprílom a júlom, kedy poklesne hladina vody. Medzi aprílom a júlom (najviac do septembra) je tiež hojný aj lov. Keď je hladina rieky vysoká, rybačka je náročná. Ovocie domorodej palmy açaí sa zbiera v lete a podľa zvyku sa odkladá na prípravu v zime - kedy je chudobná rybačka a lov. Vďaka plánovaniu a pravidelnému záhradkárčeniu majú úrodu po celý rok. Pestované plodiny sa zberajú počas mesiacov sucha. Poľnohospodársky kalendár je možné trochu prispôsobiť pre obdobia dažďov (kedy je nemožné loviť a chytať ryby) a obdobia sucha (kedy je rýb dostatok), ale ako klesá hladina vody, tým náročnejšie je navigovať a prevážať tovar pozdĺž igarapés napájajúcich sa na rieku. Tradičná kultúra však nie je pripravená na nepredvídateľné zmeny obdobia dažďov, ako sa stalo v roku 2002. Vtedy v júli nastalo repiquete (stúpanie hladiny riek), ktoré sa normálne vyskytuje až v septembri. Toto zničilo krátkodobý poľnohospodársky cyklus a spôsobilo nedostatok rýb, čo zmenilo stravovacie návyky.
     <p id="cit1"><notr><a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a></notr><cite>V tomto diele je pri písaní jazyka Tikuna použitá lingvistická konvencia, aj keď niektorí antropológovia a experti na domorodcov používajú žargón (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"><notr><a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a></notr><cite> Podľa socioambiental.org, zobrazené 5.8.2019.</cite></p>

note: Tikuna sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: **Priscila Faulhaber** (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences)
    
    **Fernando Vieira** (Astronomer and Former Coordinator of Astronomy in The Planetarium Foundation of the City of Rio de Janeiro) helped with the interpretation of the astronomical correlations between Western and Tikuna constellations, identified by the Tikuna in November 2002, during a research visit at the Science Center and Planetarium of the Universidade do Pará (Belém/Brazil), using the Starry Night System. Vieira plotted the correspondence between the traces of Tikuna mythical animals and the Official IAU constellations of western astronomy. He also reviewed this text for any skyscape incongruences related to corresponding Western astronomy and Tikuna cosmovision.
    
    We are integrating in this investigation **Walmir Thomazi Cardoso**, a Physics Professor in the Postgraduate Program in History of Sciences and Techniques and Epistemology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) and researcher of astronomy in culture; he made some reinterpretations in a collaborative work with physics undergraduate students; and **Youssif Ghantous Filho**, adapting and anchoring original drawings to Stellarium. Nevertheless, every sky interpretation is contextual and circumstantial. Current collaborative investigations are looking for new astronomical observation together with the Tikuna, which will improve the initial findings.
    
     The data used in **Cardoso & Ghantous Filho** were a reinterpretation of charts used by the Tikunas, **Pedro Inácio Pinheiro** and **Luís Angel Ramos**, to interpret Tikuna constellations. The calculations were established based upon coordinates 70° W and 3°S with the help of Oswaldo dos Santos Barros, Pará State (CCPP). The different interpretations of the drawings developed from the ongoing collaborative investigation with Walmir T. Cardoso, researcher of astronomy in Culture, takes into consideration some changes, such as the ones shown in this work.   **Marcio D´Olne Campos** (UNICAMP and SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) helped map the location of the Tikuna village and define their latitude and longitude coordinates (See Tikuna Lands Atlas).
    
    The recording of this myth and the identification of the Jaguar’s eyes was inspired by Curt Nimuendajú, (1952 p.143).
sk: **Priscila Faulhaberová** (Múzeum astronómie a príbuzných vied)
    
    **Fernando Vieira** (Astronóm a bývalý koordinátor astronómie v Nadácii Planetárium mesta Rio de Janeiro) pomáhal s vysvetľovaním astronomických súvislostí medzi západnými a tikunskými súhvezdiami, ktoré stotožnili Tikunovia v novembri 2002 počas jeho výskumného pobytu vo Vedeckom centre a planetáriu Univerzity v Pará (Belém, Brazília) s pomocou systému Starry Night. Vieira vykreslil súvislosť medzi stopami mýtických zvierat tikunov a oficiálnymi súhvezdiami IAU západnej astronómie. Taktiež pripomienkoval tento text pre prípadné nezrovnalosti týkajúce sa západného a tikunského pohľadu na oblohu.
    
    Do tohto výskumu sme zahrnuli aj: **Walmira Thomaziho Cardosa**, profesora fyziky postgraduálneho programu v fakulte Histórie vied, techniky a epistemológie Federálnej univerzity v Rio de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) a výskumníka kultúrnej astronómie. Spoločne s magisterskými študentami vykonali niektoré reinterpretácie; a **Youssifa Ghantousa Filha**, ktorý pre Stellarium prispôsobil a pridal originálne kresby. Aj tak je každá interpretácia oblohy závislá na kontexte a okolnostiach. Súčasný spoločný výskum sa zameriava o nové astronomické pozorovania spoločne s Tikunmi, ktoré by mali vylepšiť naše prvotné objavy.
    
     Dáta použité v práci **Cardoso a Ghantous Filho** sú novým výkladom máp používaných Tikunmi, **Pedrom Ináciom Pinheirom** a **Luísom Angelom Ramosom** na interpretáciu tikunských súhvezdí. Výpočty sa vykonali pre súradnice 70° západne and 3° južne s pomocou Oswalda dos Santos Barros, Pará State (CCPP). Rôzne vysvetlenia nákresov vyvinuté pri trvalej spolupráci s Walmirom T. Cardosom, výskumníkom kultúrnej astronómie, berú do úvahy niektoré zmeny, ako napríklad v tejto práci. **Marcio D´Olne Campos** (UNICAMP a SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) pomohol zmapovať oblasti dediny Tikunov a definovať jej zemepisnú šírku a dĺžku (viď Tikuna Lands Atlas).
    
    Záznam o tomto mýte a identifikácia očí jaguára bola inšpirovaná Curtom Nimuendajúm, (1952 p.143).

note: Tongan sky culture name
en: Tongan
sk: Tonganská

note: Tongan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the practical application of nautical navigation.
sk: Rovnako, ako všetky polynézske tradície oblohy, aj tonžská pochádza z praktického používania pri námornej navigácii.

note: Tongan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
    
    Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
    
    Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.
    
    ### Nomenclature
    
    |Tongan term|Designation|
    |-----------|-----------|
    |Humu|Coal sack|
    |Kaniva|Milky Way|
    |Ma'afulele|Large Magellan cloud|
    |Ma'afutoka|Small Magellan cloud|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanic clouds (both)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ecliptic|
    |Mahina|Moon|
    |La'a|Sun|
    |Fetu'u|Star (in general)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Comet|
    |'Umata|Rainbow|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Falling star|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (same as LMC)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hyades|
    |Toloatonga|Southern Cross|
    |Toloalahi|False Cross|
    
    **Tongan constellations**
    
    |Tongan name|Designation or notes|
    |-----------|--------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Part of Orion, belt and sword|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Speculative*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Speculative*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Cassiopeia (*Speculative*)|
    |Toloa|Belt of Orion|
    |Lua tangata|Castor and/or Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman and/or Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|
sk: V niektorých prípadoch nie je možné oddeliť mená jednotlivých hviezd od mien &quot;hviezdnych trás&quot;. Hviezda môže mať viacero mien: 1) ak je súčasťou viacerých hviezdnych trás a 2) pretože pomenovanie hviezd sa líši v závislosti na tom, z ktorého ostrova pochádza. Menoslov hviezd je preto približný, založený na dostupných zdrojoch.
    
    Kým v tonžskej kultúre oblohy je identifikovaných veľa najznámejších/bežných hviezd a súhvezdí (napr. Orión, Plejády, Južný kríž), sú tu dve dôležité výnimky. Chýba pomenovanie Severky (Polárky: &alpha; UMi). Toto je, vzhľadom na zemepisnú šírku ostrovov a jasnosť hviezdy v určitých obdobiach roku, zvláštne. V prípade severnej cesty z Tonga by taký dôležitý orientačný bod nešlo prehliadnuť. V tonžskej hviezdnej kultúre tiež chýba súhvezdie Škorpión (alebo niektoré jeho hviezdy). Toto je prekvapujúce, pretože obrovská väčšina kultúr oblohy &ndash; celosvetových i polynézska &ndash; považuje Škorpióna za ústredné súhvezdie, pretože je ľahko identifikovateľné na nočnej oblohe a je takmer presne oproti Oriónovi. [Stellarium by uvítalo viac informácií o týchto dvoch anomáliách.]
    
    Spoločné dedičstvo polynézskej náuky o hviezdach je evidentné v podobnostiach pri pomenovaní hviezd. Napríklad Plejády sa volajú v tonžtine Mataliki, v maorčine Matariki a v havajčine Makali`i.
    
    ### Názvoslovie
    
    |Tonžský názov|Označenie|
    |-------------|---------|
    |Humu|Uhľové vrece|
    |Kaniva|Mliečna cesta|
    |Ma'afulele|Veľký Magellanov mrak|
    |Ma'afutoka|Malý Magellanov mrak|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanove mraky (oba)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ekliptika|
    |Mahina|Mesiac|
    |La'a|Slnko|
    |Fetu'u|Hviezda (všeobecne)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Kométa|
    |'Umata|Dúha|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Padajúca hviezda|
    |Tapukitea|Venuša|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (rovnako ako MMM)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (rovnako ako VMM)|Sírius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arktúr|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Plejády|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hyjády|
    |Toloatonga|Južný kríž|
    |Toloalahi|Falošný kríž|
    
    **Tonganské súhvezdia**
    
    |Tonganské meno|Označenie alebo poznámky|
    |--------------|------------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Časť Orióna, opasok a meč|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Severná koruna (*špekulatívne*)|
    |Fatanalua|Vlasy Bereniky (*špekulatívne*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Kasiopeja (*špekulatívne*)|
    |Toloa|Pás Orióna|
    |Lua tangata|Castor a/alebo Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman a/alebo Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|

note: Tongan sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Velt Kik, *Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga*, 1990 'Atenisi University, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Government printing department.
     - [#2]: T.H Fale, *Tongan astronomy*, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing.
     - [#3]: E. E. V. Collocott, *Tongan astronomy and calendar*, 1992 Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p. 157-173.
sk:  - [#1]: Velt Kik, *Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Hviezdy nad Tonga*, 1990 'Atenisi University, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Government printing department.
     - [#2]: T.H Fale, *Tongan astronomy*, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing.
     - [#3]: E. E. V. Collocott, *Tongan astronomy and calendar*, 1992 Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p. 157-173.

note: Tukano sky culture name
en: Tukano
sk: Tukanská

note: Tukano sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: [Tukano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_people) is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Calendario_Tukano.png" width="400" height="400" />
    
     *One circular calendar developed in 2007.*
sk: [Tukanovia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_people) je spoločný názov pre skupinu domorodých kmeňov, ktoré žijú v severozápadnej Brazílii, blízko Kolumbie a Venezuely. Skupina, ktorá je v tejto práci prezentovaná, žije na brehoch rieky Rio Tiquié v zálive rieky Rio Negro v štáte Amazonas, Brazília.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Calendario_Tukano.png" width="400" height="400" />
    
     *Jeden kruhový kalendár vyvinutý v r. 2007.*

note: Tukano sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: #### SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS
    
    This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis (Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians.
    
    Scholarly Paper: [#3].
    
    Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)
    
    Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).
sk: #### ZOPÁR SLOV O NAŠOM VÝSKUME MEDZI SEVEROZÁPADNÝMI AMAZONSKÝMI INDIÁNMI
    
    Táto práca je časťou prieskumu viacerých vedcov, konaného v rokoch 2005 až 2007, ktorý vyústil do dizertačnej práce (Cardoso, 2007). S použitím Etnomatematických prameňov (D’ambrosio, 2002) pri praktickom pozorovaní oblohy a klasických zdrojov o súhvezdiach pozorovaných v brazílskej Amazónii, sme zmapovali tieto indiánske etniká: Tukano, Dessano a Tuyuka. Najmä však to prvé. Z popisu mnohých súhvezdí sme, spolu so študentami z domorodej Yupurijskej školy, vytvorili kalendár astronomických úkazov a klimatický kalendár. Obdobia dažďov, sucha, sadenie a zber úrody sú označené západom a východom hlavných súhvezdí vytvorených severovýchodnými amazonskými Indiánmi.
    
    Vedecké články: [#3].
    
    Tieto informácie zozbieral Walmir Thomazi Cardoso v prieskume, ktorý tvorí časť jeho dizertačnej práce o Etnomatematike (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)
    
    Obrázky urobili Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) a Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture name
en: Tupi-Guarani
sk: Tupi-Guaranijská

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries.
sk: Tupi-Guarani je meno rodiny jazykov, ktorou hovoria domorodé kmene Brazílie a iných juhoamerických krajín.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
sk: Túto kultúru oblohy do Stellaria pridal užívateľ *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture name
en: Vanuatu (Netwar)
sk: Vanuatská (Netwarská)

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is [published online](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/). Netwar language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called "Lenakel language" after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent.
sk: Netwarská kultúra oblohy pre Stellarium pochádza z výskumu, ktorý medzi ľuďmi Vanuatu vykonáva Dominik M. Ramík a je [dostupný online](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/). Netwarský jazyk (jeho domorodý názov je niekedy "Lenakelský jazyk", podľa hlavnej dediny v oblasti) je jedným z jazykov ostrova Tanna vo Vanuatu. Jeho súhvezdia sú pozoruhodne podobné v ostatných jazykoch Vanuatu, aj keď sa niektoré mená mierne líšia.

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Solar system
    
    <ul> <li>Sun: Met</li> <li>Moon: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'
     - First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening
     - Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' (Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, the Moon just appears above the mountains
     - Last quarter: Numanmel
     - Waning crescent: Numanmel
     - Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'
    
     <li>Venus:</li>
    
     - Morning star: Fétukai
     - Evening star: Kéwita
    
     <li>Jupiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death</li> </ul>
    
    ### Stars
    
     - In general: Mahau
     - Aldebaran: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Constellations and deep-sky objects
    
    Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. The actual translations of the local names follow them.
    
     - LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'
     - Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown meaning
     - Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'
     - Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'
     - Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'
     - Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it is time to prepare gardens
     - Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves
     - Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest
     - Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'
    
    ### Names of objects with unknown position
    
     - Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or to rise close to it
     - Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)
     - Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in September in the morning near zenith
     - Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in February in the morning
sk: ### Slnečná sústava
    
    <ul> <li>Slnko: Met</li> <li>Mesiac: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Dorastajúci polmesiac: Mawuk wi - "nový Mesiac"
     - Prvá štvrť: Nail ratuatu - "ostáva priamy", znamená, že na oblohe sa Mesiac večer javí priamo v zenite
     - Spln: Mawuk ramépép malwia - "Mesiac je ako ryba épép malwia" (Platax orbicularis); tiež Nati tawar - znamená: keď zapadá Slnko, Mesiac sa zjaví nad horami
     - Posledná štvrť: Numanmel
     - Ubúdajúci polmesiac: Numanmel
     - Zatmenie Mesiaca: Mawuk ramemes - "mŕtvy Mesiac"
    
     <li>Venuša:</li>
    
     - Zornička: Fétukai
     - Večernica: Kéwita
    
     <li>Jupiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: "skákajúca hviezda", zlé znamenie predpovedajúce niečiu smrť</li> </ul>
    
    ### Hviezdy
    
     - Všeobecne: Mahau
     - Aldebaran: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Súhvezdia a objekty hlbokého vesmíru
    
    Poznámka: Slovenské názvy predchádzajúce miestne názvy sú tu na to, aby čitateľ mohol konkrétne súhvezdie lokalizovať na (Západnej) oblohe. Nasleduje ich skutočný preklad ich miestnych mien.
    
     - LMC a SMC: Nowanuman - "zemná pec"
     - Mliečna cesta: Nemrau - "popol"; tiež Nuafuganan - menej častý termín neznámeho významu
     - Oriónov pás: Kasulia apam - "dlhé jarmo"
     - Oriónov meč: Kasulia rerparep - Krátke jarmo"
     - Hlava býka: Kou - "kliešte na vyberanie horúcich kameňov z ohňa"
     - Žihadlo škorpióna: Kahaur rul - "potkan", vidno ho večer v zenite, keď je čas na prípravu záhrad
     - Telo Orióna: Kilil - "Tradičný vejár" vyrobený z palmových listov
     - Južný kríž: Suatu kywer - "štyri zvyčajné cesty" spájajúce štyri dediny s nakamalom; vychádza večer v marci a symbolizuje čas, keď národ nakamalu koná temahwa, čiže dobrú žatvu
     - Plejády: Nowaswas Lapnuman - "mladíci z Lapnumanu"; tiež Neperawen Lapnuman - "dievky z Lapnumanu"
    
    ### Názvy objektov s neznámou polohou
    
     - Mowaimawuk - meno neidentifikovanej hviezdy, ktorá je vraj blízko Mesiaca, alebo vychádza blízko neho
     - Iaiapom - meno neidentifikovanej hviezdy (možno Altairu), ktorá zapadá ráno v čase prípravy záhrad (júl)
     - Koraiapom - meno neidentifikovanej hviezdy (možno Rigelu), ktorá sa ráno v septembri nachádza blízko zenitu
     - Kwankaio - meno neidentifikovanej hviezdy (možno Prokyóna), ktorá vychádza ráno vo februári

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Project [Vanuatu Sky](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu
     - [#2]: [Netwar language on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)
sk:  - [#1]: Projek [Obloha Vanuatu](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) vrátane netwarských údajov popri iných jazykoch z Vanuatu
     - [#2]: [Netwarský jazyk na Wikipédii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web: [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe Natuman from Lowkweria.
sk: Do tejto kultúry prispel *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Starešinovia z lokálnych komunít na Tanna, ktorí svojimi dávnymi vedomosťami prispeli k tomuto projektu: Jimmy Napip z Ikumhala, Lomai Tain z Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu z Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen z Lowkweria, Kasékasé z Imapul, Nausien z Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru z Lowanatom, Joe Natuman z Lowkweria.

note: Xhosa sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: A wide spread African concept is that the sky is a solid dome, perhaps made of blue rock resting on the Earth, upon which the Sun moves. In Xhosa, a star is called &#8220;inkwenkwezi&#8221;.
    
    Although planets are &#8220;wanderers&#8221; of the night skies, and therefore vary their positions relative to the stars, they often feature in Xhosa starlore.
    
    Jupiter was interpreted as people around a fire. Venus, as the evening star, is associated with the time the boys milked the cows
    
    Venus was also called the dating star, &#8220;Madingeni&#8221;. Boys and girls were not allowed to date in public, but met at the fountain where the girls fetched water when Venus was visible in the evening.
sk: Široko rozšírený africký koncept je, že obloha je pevná kupola, snáď z modrého kameňa, ktorá spočíva nad Zemou a po ktorej sa pohybuje Slnko. V jazyku Xhosa sa hviezda nazýva &#8220;inkwenkwezi&#8221;.
    
    Aj keď planéty sú &#8220;pútnikmi&#8221; nočnej oblohy a preto menia svoju polohu vzhľadom k hviezdam, často boli používané v povestiach o oblohe ľudí Xhosa.
    
    Jupiter si vysvetľovali ako ľudí pri ohni. Venušu, ako Večernicu, spájali s časom, keď chlapci dojili kravy
    
    Venušu tiež nazývali randiaca hviezda, &#8220;Madingeni&#8221; chlapci a dievčatá nemali dovolené randiť verejne, ale stretávali sa pri prameni, kde dievčatá naberali vodu, keď bola večer vidieť Venuša.

note: Xhosa sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Starlore
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    The first sighting of &#8220;isiLimela&#8221; indicated the start of the Xhosa digging or planting season. It is also said that the month of the Digging Stars symbolised new life in a man for the coming-out ceremony of the Abakwetha circumcision school and it has always been a custom for Xhosa men to count their years of manhood from this time.
    
    ##### iQhawe &mdash; Sirius
    
    Sirius is known as &#8220;iQhawe&#8221; in Xhosa, which means &#8220;the champion&#8221;, probably because it is the brightest star in the night sky. It can also be seen as one of two suitors or rivals (along with Canopus, the second brightest star), but we cannot say for whose affections they are fighting.
    
    ##### uCanzibe &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus is the second brightest star in the heavens and is referred to as &#8220;uCanzibe&#8221; in Xhosa, which means shining and sparkling. The star is seen as traditional Xhosa boys dancing, or sometimes as one of two suitors (Sirius, the brightest star, being the other), possibly rivals in their quest for affection.
    
    ##### umNyele &mdash; The Milky Way
    
    &#8220;umNyele&#8221; is the Xhosa for the raised bristles along the back of the sky, like those on the back of an angry dog. It was told that the dog would rise up if you point to the heaven with straight fingers. This was a good deterrence and the people would remember to show respect for the god &#8220;Qamata&#8221; by always pointing to the sky with a bent finger.
    
    ##### amaKroza &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Belt
    
    In Xhosa the three stars of Orion&#8217;s Belt are known as the &#8220;amaKroza&#8221;, or &#8220;those in a queue&#8221;. These are the graves where ancestors rest peacefully, the heavens where their spirits roam and the most holy place beyond the starry heavens, the dwelling of the supreme god, &#8220;Qamata&#8221;.
sk: ### Mytológia
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Plejády
    
    Prvé ukázanie sa &#8220;isiLimela&#8221; naznačovalo začiatok obdobia kopania a sadenia. Takisto sa vravelo, že mesiac Kopacích hviezd symbolizoval nový život človeka pre obrad školy obriezky Abakwetha a bolo zvykom, že Xhoskí muži od tohto času rátali svoje roky mužstva.
    
    ##### iQhawe &mdash; Sírius
    
    Sírius, v Xhosa známy ako &#8220;iQhawe&#8221;, čo znamená &#8220;šampión&#8221;, pravdepodobne, pretože je najjasnejšia hviezda nočnej oblohy. Takisto mohol byť jedným z dvoch nápadníkov alebo rivalov (spolu s Canopusom, druhou najjasnejšou hviezdou), ale nevieme, o čiu pozornosť mali súperiť.
    
    ##### uCanzibe &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus je druhá najjasnejšia hviezda na nebi a v Xhosa ju nazývali &#8220;uCanzibe&#8221;, čo znamená žiariaca a trblietajúca sa. Hviezdu pokladali za tradičných Xhoských tancujúcich chlapcov, alebo ako jedného z dvoch nápadníkov (ten druhý bol Sírius, najjasnejšia hviezda), pravdepodobne rivalov súperiacich o pozornosť.
    
    ##### umNyele &mdash; Mliečna cesta
    
    &#8220;umNyele&#8221; je označenie v jazyku Xhosa pre naježené chlpy na chrbte oblohy, podobne ako na chrbte zlostného psa. Hovorilo sa, že keď na nebesá ukážete rovnými prstami, pes vyjde. Pre toto zastrašovanie si ľudia ctili boha &#8220;Qamatu&#8221; tak, že na oblohy vždy ukazovali zohnutým prstom.
    
    ##### amaKroza &mdash; Pás Orióna
    
    V jazyku Xhosa sú tri hviezdy Pásu Orióna známe ako &#8220;amaKroza&#8221;, čiže &#8220;tie v rade&#8221;. Sú tu hroby, kde predkovia pokojne odpočívajú, nebesá, kde sa ich duše premávajú a najposvätnejšie miesto na hviezdnom nebi, miesto prebývanie najvyššieho boha &#8220;Qamatu&#8221;.

note: Zulu sky culture name
en: Zulu
sk: Zulská

note: Zulu sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: A wide spread African concept is that the sky is a solid dome, perhaps made of blue rock resting on the Earth, upon which the Sun moves.
sk: Široko rozšírený africký koncept je, že obloha je pevná kupola možno z modrého kameňa, ktorá spočíva nad Zemou a po ktorej sa pohybuje Slnko.

note: Zulu sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Starlore
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades is a well-known cluster of stars, and normally six or seven bright ones can be seen. Many of the Southern African groups believe that when they first see the Pleiades in the early morning (August or early September), that the start of the planting season has come.
    
    ##### oNdwenjana &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Sword
    
    One of the descriptions of Orion&#8217;s Sword is as a long-stemmed flower, such as a lily. However the meaning of this group of stars isn't completely clear, because &#8220;oNdwenjana&#8221; could also be another tall object like a tree or a man.
    
    ##### Impanbana &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Belt
    
    Orion&#8217;s Belt is a combination of a crossing, dogs and wild hogs. Seeing the stars of Orion&#8217;s Belt reminded hunters to be very careful during their hunting trips, as it marked the mating season of the wild hogs.
    
    ##### isAndulela &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus is a bright star that appeared at harvest time and might also be connected to the Red-chested Cuckoo. It was also used as a guide for shepherds, marking the time to begin the journey to new grazing lands during the dry season.
    
    ##### Umthala Wezinkanyezi &mdash; The Milky Way
    
    Umthala Wezinkanyezi means &#8220;the stream of stars.&#8221; This is related to the way the Nguni people used to fight before Shaka Zulu&#8217;s revolutionary close-combat strategy. The strong warriors used to throw spears like javelin and the stream of spears would be seen in the air.
sk: ### Mytológia
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Plejády
    
    Plejády sú dobre známou hviezdokopou a bežne vidno okom šesť alebo sedem hviezd. Mnohé z juhoafrických kultúr veria, že keď po prvý raz skoro ráno uzrú na oblohe Plejády (august až začiatok septembra), nadišiel začiatok doby sadenia.
    
    ##### oNdwenjana &mdash; Meč Orióna
    
    Jedným zo zobrazení Meča Orióna je Kvet s dlhou stonkou, ako ľalia. Ale význam tejto skupiny hviezd nie je celkom zrejmý, pretože &#8220;oNdwenjana&#8221; by mohol byť aj iný vysoký objekt, ako strom alebo človek.
    
    ##### Impanbana &mdash; Pás Orióna
    
    Pás Orióna je kombináciou križovatky, psov a divých prasiat. Keď lovci uvideli hviezdy Oriónovho pása, museli si na loveckých výpravách dávať pozor, pretože sa začínalo obdobie párenia divých prasiat.
    
    ##### isAndulela &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus je jasnou hviezdou, ktorá sa ukazovala v čase žatvy a mohla byť spájaná aj kukučkou červenokrkou. Často ju počas obdobia sucha používali pastieri, aby im označila čas, kedy sa vydať na nové pastviny.
    
    ##### Umthala Wezinkanyezi &mdash; Mliečna cesta
    
    Umthala Wezinkanyezi means &#8220les kopijí&#8221;. Týka sa to spôsobu, ako ľud Nguni bojoval, než Šaka Zulu zrevolučnil stratégiu boja nablízko. Silní bojovníci predtým vrhali kopije ako oštepy a vo vzduchu to vyzeralo ako les kopijí.
